tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31492179970114968832024-03-08T19:09:54.279+01:00EU-MindControlUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger26125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-68172063204435938072008-07-16T20:32:00.000+02:002008-07-16T20:48:18.905+02:00Radio-controlled behaviorIntro - History<br /><br /><br /><br />Implantation of multilead electrodeassemblies and radiostimulation of the brain in chimpanzees.ARL-TR-69-2.,<br />by Delgado JM. Tech Doc Rep ARL TDR. 1969 Mar;:1-19.<br />PMID: 4897582 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><br />Radio-controlled behavior.,<br />by Delgado JM.; N Y State J Med. 1969 Feb 1;69(3):413-7.; PMID: 4976614 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br />Conditioned suppression via subcortical radio stimulation in the chimpanzee. ARL-TR-69-1.,<br />by Delgado JM. Tech Doc Rep ARL TDR. 1969 Mar;:1-16.<br />PMID: 5810766 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Hidden Communication<br /><br /><br />Enhanced Human Intelligence / Conciousness<br /><br />http://mcrais.googlepages.com/intracerebral.htm<br />http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/scalar_tech/esp_scalartech11a.htm<br />http://www.totse.com/en/conspiracy/mind_control/165760.html<br />Intracerebral radio stimulation and recording in completely free patients.,<br />by Delgado JM, Mark V, Sweet W, Ervin F, Weiss G, Bach-Y-Rita G, Hagiwara R.; J Nerv Ment Dis. 1968 Oct;147(4):329-40.<br />PMID: 5683678 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br />http://www.3sat.de/3sat.php?http://www.3sat.de/nano/bstuecke/109055/index.html<br />"Hirnschrittmacher" zwischen Medizin und Missbrauch, Chips verbessert zwar mentale Leistungen, erfüllt aber auch manipulative Zwecke.<br />An der Kölner Klinik für Stereotaxie und Funktionelle Neurochirurgie arbeitet Prof. Volker Sturm schon lange an einer Lösung, das Gehirn wieder "in Topform" zu bringen. Sein Hirnschrittmacher gilt als Wunderwaffe bei Parkinson und soll auch bald bei psychischen Leiden eingesetzt werden. Der Neuroethiker Prof. Thomas Metzinger von der Universität Mainz vertritt dagegen die Ansicht, das könnte zum Missbrauch und dem Abbau von Persönlichkeitsrechten führen.... Doch für Neuroethiker Metzinger besteht das Problem darin, dass alles, was entdeckt wird, auch gegen Menschen eingesetzt wird. Er appelliert daran, sich mit der Technik soweit auseinander zu setzen, dass die Menschheit davon nur profitiert. Damit die Beeinflussung des Gehirns ein Profit bleibt, brauchen wir also dringend verantwortungsvolle Mediziner und Neuroethiker, die dabei helfen, das Machbare vom Notwendigen zu unterscheiden.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br />http://www.kyb.mpg.de/publication.html?publ=5064<br />Recalibration of Audiovisual Synchrony: What is changing?<br />by Machulla, T., M. Di Luca and M. Ernst; Tagung experimentell arbeitender Psychologen (TeaP). Marburg (03 2008), Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics<br /><br />Abstract: Both physical and physiological transmission times can differ between audition and vision. Under certain conditions, the brain reduces perceived asynchrony by adapting to this temporal discrepancy. In two experiments we investigated whether this recalibration is specific to auditory and visual stimuli, or whether other modality combinations (audiotactile, visuotactile) are affected, as well. We presented asynchronous audiovisual signals, with either auditory leading or visual leading. Then, using temporal order judgments we measured observers’ point of subjective simultaneity for three modality combinations. Results indicate an adjustment of perceived simultaneity for the audiovisual and the visuotactile modality pairs. We conclude that audiovisual adaptation is the result of a change of processing latencies of visual events. In a second experiment, we corroborate this finding. We demonstrate that reaction times to visual signals, but not to tactile or auditory signals, change as a result of audiovisual recalibration.<br /><br /><br />http://www.darpa.mil/dso/solicitations/sn07-43.htm<br />Human Assisted Neural Devices RFI, SN07-43, Responses Due 4 P.M. ET, August 15, 2007, POC: Dr. Geoffrey Ling, DARPA/DSO;<br />The Human Assisted Neural Devices (HAND) program at DARPA has provided the basis for a number of assistive devices controlled, in part, by neural signals provided by the user. There is continued interest in discovering the underlying processing structures the brain uses to perform tasks, with the eventual goal of leveraging these processes with algorithms and models that can control external assistive devices.<br /><br />http://www.honeywell.com/sites/honeywell/featuredproduct_cat181ec08-fbba81b57b-3e3e4447ab3472a0c2a5e5fdc1e6517d_H99789C49-39C9-5D90-CB9E-E96FE0C5FB3B.htm<br />AugCog Body-mounted sensors monitor brain and heart activity to prevent information overload and keep soldiers out of harm’s way.<br />To help keep U.S. troops safer by improving the information processing capability and battlefield performance of military units operating in stressful environments, Honeywell is developing technology for the U.S. Army’s Augmented Cognition (AugCog) program. AugCog technology identifies soldiers facing information overload and prompts real-time tactical changes by allowing commanders to redirect that information and any required action to other soldiers. The portable system uses body-mounted electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors to monitor cognitive activity in the brain and blood flow in the body. Brain pattern and heart rate data from system-equipped soldiers will be transmitted wirelessly to commanders in real-time to improve overall battlefield information management and decision-making. “In the future, technology advances will force networked soldiers to have greater information processing responsibilities than ever before,” said Bob Smith, Vice President, Advanced Technology, Honeywell Aerospace. “We are developing our augmented cognition technology to help soldiers and commanders manage the increasing barrage of data that exists on the net-centric battlefield. AugCog is going to help keep Americans safer during demanding combat missions.” Honeywell has already developed a prototype AugCog helmet that monitors various brain states including those associated with distraction, fatigue and information overload. The system then uses that data to produce a visual readout for combat commanders showing the cognitive patterns of individual Soldiers. “This technology is going to allow commanders to redeploy soldiers who are in not in the right physical or mental state to carry out a mission,” said Smith. “Commanders will be able to identify fatigued or overstressed soldiers operating in highly intense combat situations and replace them with others who are more mission ready.” For more information on Honeywell’s Augmented Cognition technologies, visit:<br /><br />http://www.honeywell.com/sites/portal?smap=honeywell&page=pressrel_detail&theme=T8&id=A275C0F09-51B8-97FD-6218-864AED6314F2&catID=cat1b754a4-fb536f3d74-3e3e4447ab3472a0c2a5e5fdc1e6517d&c=n<br />Honeywell Technology to Help U.S. Military Rapidly Analyze Intelligence and Keep Troops Out of Harm's Way<br />PHOENIX, Nov. 15, 2007 -- Honeywell (NYSE: HON) announced today that it is developing a revolutionary system for the Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) that could dramatically improve the military’s intelligence analyzing capabilities by allowing analysts to evaluate images from satellites, ground cameras and surveillance aircraft more precisely and quickly than ever before. The Honeywell Image Triage System (HITS) will enable Department of Defense (DoD) personnel to analyze intelligence images up to six times faster than the current computer-based system through the use of high-tech sensors that monitor signals in the human brain. Honeywell is developing the system as part of DARPA’s Neurotechnology for Intelligence Analysts (NIA) program. “Computer-based systems currently in use cannot process enormous volumes of intelligence imagery fast enough to meet the needs the military,” said Bob Smith, Vice President, Advanced Technology, Honeywell Aerospace. “That’s why we are developing technology that speeds up the intelligence analysis process by tapping into brain signals associated with split-second visual judgments. As a result, we are going to give analysts the ability to identify dangerous threats to our troops more quickly, precisely and effectively than ever before.” The human brain is capable of responding to visually salient objects significantly faster than an individual’s visual-motor, transformation-based response. Simply put, when examining an image an analyst’s brain can register a discovery long before the analyst becomes fully aware of it. Honeywell’s technology uses sensors to monitor brain activity in real time, automatically identifying and recording brain signals to tag intelligence images worthy of additional review. The system presents data to analysts in high speed bursts of 10 to 20 images per second. Head-mounted electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors detect neural signals associated with target recognition as the images are viewed. Neural signals known as “event related potentials” are used to tag the images that contain likely targets or threats. At the end of the high-speed scan, the analysts are able to focus on the small subset of key images tagged by the brain scan instead of searching slowly and systematically through every inch of high resolution satellite images like current techniques require. Honeywell’s triage analysis methods will ultimately apply to a diverse range of imagery, including high resolution electro-optical, infrared and video imagery. It could eventually be used in a broad range of military and commercial applications including medical diagnosis and geospatial analysis. “HITS is going to help the military to analyze more intelligence imagery everyday. By more quickly identifying threats to our troops, Honeywell is helping the U.S. military keep them out of harm’s way,” Smith said.<br /><br />Autistic savant<br />Most autistic savants have extensive mental abilities called splinter skills. However, it is important to notice that people with a high general intelligence can demonstrate the same skills; savant disabilities are not necessary for these skills. They can recall facts, numbers, license plates, maps, and extensive lists of sports and weather statistics after being exposed to them only once. Some savants can mentally note and then recall perfectly a very long sequence of music, numbers, or speech. Some, dubbed mental calculators, can do exceptionally fast arithmetic, including prime factorization. Other skills include precisely estimating distances and angles by sight, calculating the day of the week for any given date over the span of tens of thousands of years, and being able to accurately gauge the passing of time without a clock. Most autistic savants have a single special skill while others have multiple skills. Usually these abilities are concrete, non-symbolic, right hemisphere skills as opposed to left hemisphere skills that tend to be more sequential, logical, and symbolic. Why autistic savants are capable of these astonishing feats is not quite clear. Some savants have obvious neurological abnormalities (such as the lack of corpus callosum in Kim Peek's non-autistic brain). Many savants are known to have abnormalities in the left hemisphere of the brain. There are only about 50–100 recognized prodigious savants in the world.<br />Famous autistic savants: Alonzo Clemons, American clay sculptor.; Tony DeBlois, blind American musician.; Leslie Lemke, blind American musician.; Jonathan Lerman, American artist.; Thristan Mendoza, Filipino marimba prodigy.; Derek Paravicini, blind British musician.; Kim Peek, basis for the 1988 fictional film Rain Man, although diagnosis has changed.; James Henry Pullen, gifted British carpenter.; Matt Savage, U.S. autistic jazz prodigy.; Henriett Seth-F., Hungarian autistic savant, poet, writer and artist.; Daniel Tammet, British autistic savant.; Stephen Wiltshire, British architectural artist.; Richard Wawro, Scottish artist.<br /><br />http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06041.html;jsessionid=C0D23DAD8843949106A42EB059E2BF15<br /><br />Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury<br /><br />by N. D. Schiff, J. T. Giacino, K. Kalmar, J. D. Victor, K. Baker, M. Gerber, B. Fritz, B. Eisenberg, J. O'Connor, E. J. Kobylarz, S. Farris, A. Machado, C. McCagg, F. Plum, J. J. Fins & A. R. Rezai; Nature 448, 600-603 (2 August 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature06041;<br /><br />Abstract: Widespread loss of cerebral connectivity is assumed to underlie the failure of brain mechanisms that support communication and goal-directed behaviour following severe traumatic brain injury. Disorders of consciousness that persist for longer than 12 months after severe traumatic brain injury are generally considered to be immutable; no treatment has been shown to accelerate recovery or improve functional outcome in such cases. Recent studies have shown unexpected preservation of large-scale cerebral networks in patients in the minimally conscious state (MCS), a condition that is characterized by intermittent evidence of awareness of self or the environment. These findings indicate that there might be residual functional capacity in some patients that could be supported by therapeutic interventions. We hypothesize that further recovery in some patients in the MCS is limited by chronic underactivation of potentially recruitable large-scale networks. Here, in a 6-month double-blind alternating crossover study, we show that bilateral deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) of the central thalamus modulates behavioural responsiveness in a patient who remained in MCS for 6 yr following traumatic brain injury before the intervention. The frequency of specific cognitively mediated behaviours (primary outcome measures) and functional limb control and oral feeding (secondary outcome measures) increased during periods in which DBS was on as compared with periods in which it was off. Logistic regression modelling shows a statistical linkage between the observed functional improvements and recent stimulation history. We interpret the DBS effects as compensating for a loss of arousal regulation that is normally controlled by the frontal lobe in the intact brain. These findings provide evidence that DBS can promote significant late functional recovery from severe traumatic brain injury. Our observations, years after the injury occurred, challenge the existing practice of early treatment discontinuation for patients with only inconsistent interactive behaviours and motivate further research to develop therapeutic interventions.<br /><br /><br /><br />Sensors, Sensory Adaptation<br /><br />http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v3/n6/abs/nrn848.html<br /><br />Cross-modal plasticity: where and how?<br /><br />Daphne Bavelier & Helen J. Neville; Nature Reviews Neuroscience Jun. 2002 Vol. 3, 443-452 | doi:10.1038/nrn848<br /><br />Abstract: Animal studies have shown that sensory deprivation in one modality can have striking effects on the development of the remaining modalities. Although recent studies of deaf and blind humans have also provided convincing behavioural, electrophysiological and neuroimaging evidence of increased capabilities and altered organization of spared modalities, there is still much debate about the identity of the brain systems that are changed and the mechanisms that mediate these changes. Plastic changes across brain systems and related behaviours vary as a function of the timing and the nature of changes in experience. This specificity must be understood in the context of differences in the maturation rates and timing of the associated critical periods, differences in patterns of transiently existing connections, and differences in molecular factors across brain systems.<br /><br /> <br /><br />http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v6/n1/abs/nrn1586.html<br /><br />What blindness can tell us about seeing again: merging neuroplasticity and neuroprostheses<br /><br />by Lotfi B. Merabet, Joseph F. Rizzo, Amir Amedi, David C. Somers & Alvaro Pascual-Leone; Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, 71-77 (January 2005) | doi:10.1038/nrn1586<br /><br />Abstract: Significant progress has been made in the development of visual neuroprostheses to restore vision in blind individuals. Appropriate delivery of electrical stimulation to intact visual structures can evoke patterned sensations of light in those who have been blind for many years. However, success in developing functional visual prostheses requires an understanding of how to communicate effectively with the visually deprived brain in order to merge what is perceived visually with what is generated electrically. <br /><br /> <br /><br />http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7099/full/442125a.html<br /><br />Neuroprosthetics: In search of the sixth sense<br /><br />by Alison Abbott Nature 442, 125-127 (13 July 2006) | doi:10.1038/442125a; Published online 12 July 2006<br /><br />Abstract: Implants in the brain could one day help paralysed people move robotic arms and legs. But first, scientists need to work out how our brains know where our limbs are, says Alison Abbott. <br /><br /> <br /><br />http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7103/full/nature05001.html<br /><br />Neuroscience: An extra dimension to olfaction<br /><br />by John Ngai; Nature 442, 637-638 (10 August 2006) | doi:10.1038/nature05001;<br /><br />Abstract: The sense of smell is triggered by receptors in the olfactory epithelium that lines the nose. In mice at least, that lining is also responsible for receiving chemosensory cues involved in mating and other social behaviours. In 1991, Linda Buck and Richard Axel reported the seminal discovery of the gene family that encodes odorant receptors in vertebrates. A paper by Buck and Stephen Liberles on page 645 of this issue describes a second class of chemosensory receptor expressed by olfactory sensory neurons.<br /><br /> <br /><br />http://www.<br /><br />nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448522a.html<br /><br />Implant boosts activity in injured brain<br /><br />by Michael Hopkin; Nature No: 448, pp. 522 (2 August 2007) | doi:10.1038/448522a;<br /><br />Abstract: Deep-brain stimulation offers hope for minimally conscious patients. Brain function has been improved in a patient who was in a minimally conscious state, by electrically stimulating a specific brain region with implanted electrodes. The achievement raises questions about the treatment of other patients who have been in this condition for years, the researchers say.<br /><br /> <br /><br /><br />http://www.darpa.mil/sto/solicitations/SN07-20/index.html<br />Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System, SN07-20, Posted Date: February 15, 2007<br />The objective of the DARPA CT2WS program is to drive a breakthrough in soldier-portable visual threat warning devices. Recent developments and discoveries in the disparate technology areas of flat field wide angle optics, large pixel count digital imagers, cognitive visual processing algorithms, neurally-based target detection signatures and ultra-low power analog-digital hybrid signal processing electronics have led DARPA to believe that focused technology development, system design, and system integration efforts may produce revolutionary capabilities for the warfighter.<br /><br />http://www.draper.com/patents/patents2007.html#7212639<br />Resonator system with a plurality of individual mechanically coupled resonators and method of making same<br /><br />Electro-larynx: Patent # 7,312,674 Date Issued: December 25, 2007<br /><br />A resonator system wherein a plurality of resonators each including piezoelectric material are suspended relative to a substrate. An edge of each resonator is mechanically coupled to an edge of another resonator and the plurality of resonators expand and contract reaching resonance in response to an applied electric field.<br /><br />http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119491973444390803.html<br />Honeywell Tests Brain-Wave System, By Andy Pasztor, As of Tuesday, November 13, 2007, wall Street Journal<br />Honeywell International Inc., seeking to speed up how fast humans can analyze intelligence data such as aerial photographs, is testing a system that monitors analysts' brains for early signs of electrical activity when they see something interesting. With funding from the Defense Department, the three-year-old project instantaneously keys on certain faint neural signals -- before analysts themselves can consciously react to them -- as a way to identify and flag images worthy of further assessment. Supported by the Defense Advanced ...<br /><br />http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_echolocation<br /><br />Natural Human echolocation; From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /><br />Human echolocation is the ability of humans to sense objects in their environment by hearing echos off those objects. This ability is used by some blind people to navigate within their environment. They actively create sounds, such as by tapping their canes or by making clicking noises with their mouths. Human echolocation is similar in principle to active sonar and to the animal echolocation employed by some animals, including bats and dolphins.<br /><br />www.1911encyclopedia.org/James_Holman - 10k - In cache Google.<br /><br />JAMES HOLMAN (1786-1857), known as the "Blind Traveller," was born at Exeter on the 15th of October 1786. He entered the British navy in 1798 as first-class ...<br /><br />http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uobuBc2GO0o<br /><br />Daniel Kish; Dan Kish using and explaining Echolocation<br /><br />http://www.slate.com/id/2154696/<br /><br />Science: The state of the universe. The Mystery of Sonar BoyBats use echolocation. Can people use it, too?,<br />By Daniel Engber, Posted Friday, Dec. 1, 2006,<br /><br />In early September, a 14-year-old kid with empty eye sockets strode on stage for a taping of the talk show Ellen. "I'm not blind," he told the host to wild applause, "I just can't see." The story seemed lifted from the pages of a comic book: At the age of 3, Ben Underwood lost his eyes to retinal cancer. Three years later, he discovered that he could sense objects around him by making little clicking noises with his tongue and then listening for the echoes. Now, he uses these clicks to find doorways and locate cars on the street. That's right—he navigates with sonar.Ben Underwood many videos on YouTube.com<br /><br />http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/uoth-fes031108.php<br /><br />First empirical study demonstrating that populations of nerve cells adapt to changing images<br /><br />by Robert Cahill, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston 12-Mar-2008<br />HOUSTON - (MARCH 12, 2008) - Neuroscientists studying the mind’s ability to process images have completed the first empirical study to demonstrate, using animal models, how populations of nerve cells in visual cortex adapt to changing images. Their findings could lead to sight-improving therapies for people following trauma or stroke. The study at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston appears in the March 13 issue of the journal Nature. “Our perception of the environment relies on the capacity of neural networks to adapt rapidly to changes in incoming stimuli,” wrote senior author Valentin Dragoi, Ph.D., assistant professor of neurobiology and anatomy at The University of Texas Medical School at Houston. “It is increasingly being realized that the neural code is adaptive, that is, sensory neurons change their responses and selectivity in a dynamic manner to match the changes in input stimuli.” The neural code is the set of rules that transforms electrical impulses in the brain into thoughts, memories and decisions.<br /><br />http://www.bostonherald.com/news/regional/general/view.bg?articleid=1078909<br /><br />Eyes on prize: Visionary device gives hope 20-year high-tech project aims to restore sight, boost quality of life<br /><br />by Eva Wolchover, Boston Herald, March 9, 2008<br /><br />A bionic device the size of a pencil eraser - the labor of 20 years for a group of visionary Hub doctors and scientists - is offering hope that some forms of blindness could be alleviated within a few years. The Boston Retinal Implant Project, partially based at the V.A. Medical Center in Jamaica Plain, is one of 22 programs around the world working to restore vision to the degenerative blind. Their work: a bio-electronic implant that delivers images to the brain via a connector the width of a human hair.<br /><br />“There has been this explosion of interest in this field because basically the technology in the last 20 years has become miniaturized enough and sophisticated enough so that for the first time we can imagine building something small enough to put in the eye,” said Dr. Joseph Rizzo III, who founded the project in the late 1980s and co-directs the 36-member team.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Memory<br /><br />Rapid learning and flexible memory in “habit” tasks in rats trained with brain stimulation reward.<br /><br />Hermer-Vazquez LL, Hermer-Vazquez RW, Rybinnik I, Greebel G, Keller R, Xu S, Chapin JK. (2005) Physiol Behav. 84(5):753-759<br /><br /><br />http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7119/abs/nature05278.html<br /><br />Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory;<br /><br />by Lisa Marshall, Halla Helgadóttir, Matthias Mölle and Jan Born; Nature 444, 610-613 (30 November 2006) | doi:10.1038/nature05278;<br /><br />Abstract: There is compelling evidence that sleep contributes to the long-term consolidation of new memories. This function of sleep has been linked to slow (<1 Hz) potential oscillations, which predominantly arise from the prefrontal neocortex and characterize slow wave sleep. However, oscillations in brain potentials are commonly considered to be mere epiphenomena that reflect synchronized activity arising from neuronal networks, which links the membrane and synaptic processes of these neurons in time. Whether brain potentials and their extracellular equivalent have any physiological meaning per se is unclear, but can easily be investigated by inducing the extracellular oscillating potential fields of interest. Here we show that inducing slow oscillation-like potential fields by transcranial application of oscillating potentials (0.75 Hz) during early nocturnal non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, that is, a period of emerging slow wave sleep, enhances the retention of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories in healthy humans. The slowly oscillating potential stimulation induced an immediate increase in slow wave sleep, endogenous cortical slow oscillations and slow spindle activity in the frontal cortex. Brain stimulation with oscillations at 5 Hz—another frequency band that normally predominates during rapid-eye-movement sleep—decreased slow oscillations and left declarative memory unchanged. Our findings indicate that endogenous slow potential oscillations have a causal role in the sleep-associated consolidation of memory, and that this role is enhanced by field effects in cortical extracellular space.<br /><br />http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v10/n5/abs/nn0507-540.html<br /><br />Of sleep, memories and trauma.;<br /><br />by Robert Stickgold;<br /><br />Nature Neuroscience 10, 540 - 542 (2007); doi:10.1038/nn0507-540<br /><br />Contrary to the synaptic homeostasis theory, new work finds that reactivating memories during slow-wave sleep enhances learning and hippocampal activation. This may be useful for treating post-traumatic stress disorder.<br /><br />http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/317/5835/215<br /><br />Prefrontal Regions Orchestrate Suppression of Emotional Memories via a Two-Phase Process.,<br /><br />by Brendan E. Depue, Tim Curran, Marie T. Banich; Science 13 July 2007: Vol. 317. no. 5835, pp. 215 - 219; DOI: 10.1126/science.1139560<br /><br />Abstract: Whether memories can be suppressed has been a controversial issue in psychology and cognitive neuroscience for decades. We found evidence that emotional memories are suppressed via two time-differentiated neural mechanisms: (i) an initial suppression by the right inferior frontal gyrus over regions supporting sensory components of the memory representation (visual cortex, thalamus), followed by (ii) right medial frontal gyrus control over regions supporting multimodal and emotional components of the memory representation (hippocampus, amygdala), both of which are influenced by fronto-polar regions. These results indicate that memory suppression does occur and, at least in nonpsychiatric populations, is under the control of prefrontal regions.<br /><br /><br />http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v3/n12/abs/nn1200_1335.html<br /><br />Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills.<br /><br />by Steffen Gais, Werner Plihal, Ullrich Wagner & Jan Born;<br /><br />Abstract: Improvement after practicing visual texture discrimination does not occur until several hours after practice has ended. We show that this improvement strongly depends on sleep. To specify the process responsible for sleep-related improvement, we compared the effects of 'early' and 'late' sleep, dominated respectively by slow-wave and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Discrimination skills significantly improved over early sleep, improved even more over a whole night's sleep, but did not improve after late sleep alone. These findings suggest that procedural memory formation is prompted by slow-wave sleep-related processes. Late REM sleep may promote memory formation at a second stage, only after periods of early sleep have occurred.<br /><br /><br />http://www.scientific-child-prodigy.blogspot.com/<br /><br /> <br /><br />This is the true story of scientific child prodigy, and former baby genius, Ainan Celeste Cawley, written by his father.<br /><br />http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/article2844677.ece<br /><br />Can the child prodigy work out if he should go to university aged 7?, Ainan Celeste Cawley, the son of a British father and a Singaporean mother,<br />by Alexandra Frean, The Times, November 10, 2007.<br />The parents of a seven-year-old science prodigy have begun a world-wide search for a university place for their child, with the warning that “a great mind could be lost” if he is not offered the chance to pursue his studies at degree level. Ainan Celeste Cawley, the son of a British father and a Singaporean mother, passed his O-level chemistry in Singapore at the age of 6 and is studying for an A level in the same subject.<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br /> http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v333/n6175/abs/333773a0.html<br /><br /> <br /><br />Neural encoding of individual words and faces by the human hippocampus and amygdala<br /><br /> <br /><br />Gary Heit*§, Michael E. Smith†¶ & Eric Halgren*‡parallel¶£ Nature 333, 773 - 775 (23 June 1988); doi:10.1038/333773a0<br /><br /> Patients with lesions in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) of the brain, which includes the hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus, are severely impaired in their ability to remember and recognize words or faces which they saw only a short time ago1,2. These lesions also prevent the effect of word repetition on cortical event-related potentials that are associated with these tasks3. We have been able to study the response of individual neurons in the human medial temporal lobe to such delayed recognition tasks in epileptic patients undergoing neurosurgery. We found that some MTL neurons preferentially fired on sight of one particular word from a set of ten words used in a memory task, and others fired in response to one particular face. This stimulus-specific firing was maximal during the time that the neocortical event potentials are most sensitive to stimulus repetition, suggesting that the MTL contributes specific information to the cortex during the retrieval of recent memories4,5.<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br />http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v2/n10/full/nn1099_898.html<br /><br />Reversible neural inactivation reveals hippocampal participation in several memory processes<br />by G. Riedel, J. Micheau, A.G.M. Lam, E.v.L. Roloff, S.J. Martin, H. Bridge, L. de Hoz, B. Poeschel, J. McCulloch & R.G.M. Moris<br />Nature Neuroscience 2, 898 - 905 (1999) doi:10.1038/13202<br />Studies of patients and animals with brain lesions have implicated the hippocampal formation in spatial, declarative/relational and episodic types of memory. These and other types of memory consist of a series of interdependent but potentially dissociable memory processes—encoding, storage, consolidation and retrieval. To identify whether hippocampal activity contributes to these processes independently, we used a novel method of inactivating synaptic transmission using a water-soluble antagonist of AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors. Once calibrated using electrophysiological and two-deoxyglucose techniques in vivo, drug or vehicle was infused chronically or acutely into the dorsal hippocampus of rats at appropriate times during or after training in a water maze. Our findings indicate that hippocampal neural activity is necessary for both encoding and retrieval of spatial memory and for either trace consolidation or long-term storage.<br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br />http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v4/n7/full/nn0701_724.html<br /><br />Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the initiation and storage of memory<br /><br />J. Christopher Repa, Jeff Muller, John Apergis, Theresa M. Desrochers, Yu Zhou & Joseph E. LeDoux<br />Nature Neuroscience 4, 724 - 731 (2001) doi:10.1038/89512<br /><br />Single-cell activity was recorded in the dorsal subnucleus of the lateral amygdala (LAd) of freely behaving rats during Pavlovian fear conditioning, to determine the relationship between neuronal activity and behavioral learning. Neuronal responses elicited by the conditioned stimulus typically increased before behavioral fear was evident, supporting the hypothesis that neural changes in LAd account for the conditioning of behavior. Furthermore, two types of these rapidly modified cells were found. Some, located in the dorsal tip of LAd, exhibited short-latency responses (<20 ms) that were only transiently changed. A second class of cells, most commonly found in ventral regions of LAd, had longer latency responses, but maintained enhanced responding throughout training and even through extinction. These anatomically distinct cells in LAd may be differentially involved in the initiation of learning and long-term memory storage.<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br />Aggression<br /><br />Aggressive behavior evoked by radio stimulation in monkey colonies.,<br />by Delgado JM.; Am Zool. 1966 Nov;6(4):669-81.; PMID: 4962776 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br />Social rank and radio-stimulated aggressiveness in monkeys.,<br />by Delgado JM.; J Nerv Ment Dis. 1967 May;144(5):383-90.; PMID: 4962338 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br />Aggression and defense under cerebral radio control.,<br />by Delgado JM.; UCLA Forum Med Sci. 1967;7:171-93.; PMID: 4972332 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br />Neurobiology of aggressive behavior.,<br />by Delgado JM.; Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1976 Oct 30;52(18 Suppl):1-19.<br />Causality, neurological mechanisms, and behavioral manifestations may be heterogeneous in different forms of aggressive behavior, but some elements are shared by all forms of violence, including the necessity of sensory inputs, the coding and decoding of information according to acquired frames of reference, and the activation of pre-established patterns of response. Understanding and prevention of violence requires a simultaneous study of its social, cultural, and economic aspects, at parity with an investigation of its neurological mechanisms. Part of the latter information may be obtained through animal experimentation, preferably in non-human primates. Feline predatory behavior has no equivalent in man, and therefore its hypothalamic representation probably does not exist in the human brain. Codes of information, frames of reference for sensory perception, axis to evaluate threats, and formulas for aggressive performance are not established genetically but must be learned individually. We are born with the capacity to learn aggressive behavior, but not with established patterns of violence. Mechanisms for fighting which are acquired by individual experience may be triggered in a similar way by sensory cues, volition, and by electrical stimulation of specific cerebral areas. In monkeys, aggressive responses may be modified by changing the hierarchical position of the stimulated animal, indicating the physiological quality of the neurological mechanisms electrically activated.<br />PMID: 193531 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><br />Wakefulness<br /><br /><br /><br />Inter-response time distribution as a function of differential reinforcement of temporally spaced responses.<br />KELLEHER RT, FRY W, COOK L., J Exp Anal Behav. 1959 Apr;2:91-106.<br />How do rats develop such remarkable precision in spacing their responses along a temporal continuum? Our results, as well as those of Anger (1956), indicate that rats can time intervals of 20 seconds or longer with fair accuracy by some means other than a chain of overt responses. PMID: 13853360 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br />Some effects of brain stimulation on timing behavior.<br />BRADY JV, CONRAD DG., WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTEUnknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-21593088835697144992008-07-16T19:41:00.006+02:002008-07-16T20:01:55.496+02:00Mind Control: Chipping People<span style="font-weight:bold;">Microchip Implant Technology for Enhanced Security:</span><br /><br />http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_implant_(human)<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Microchip implant (human)</span><br />A human Microchip Implant is an integrated circuit device or RFID tag encased in silicate glass and implanted into a human's body. Such implants can be used for information storage, including personal identification, medical history, medications, allergies, and contact information.<br /><br /><br />http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/10/14/human_rfid_implants/<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Feds approve human RFID implants, Solution desperately seeking a problem</span><br />by Thomas C Greene, The Register, Published Thursday 14th October 2004<br />The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a gimmick from Florida-based Applied Digital Solutions to chip people with RFID implants - previously confined to tracking animals - thereby making it easy to access their medical records, even when they cannot, or would rather not, cooperate.<br /><br />http://www.aids-ina.org/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=394<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Topik: HIV/AIDS Kliping: Papua considers 'chipping' people with HIV/AIDS</span><br />by Nethy Dharma Somba, The Jakarta Post, Jayapura, July 24, 2007, Dipublikasi pada Thursday, 26 July 2007 oleh Djumiran.<br />The Papua Legislative Council is deliberating a regulation that would see microchips implanted in people living with HIV/AIDS so authorities could monitor their actions. According to Article 35 of the regulation on healthcare in the province, to supervise and control people with HIV/AIDS a "detection device is needed to monitor the movements and sexual activities of people with HIV/AIDS". The article has been condemned by activists and government officials in the province as a gross violation of rights. Dr. John Manansang, a member of the working group deliberating the regulation, told reporters in Jayapura that if the regulation was approved by the council in its present form, the article on microchips would be implemented. He said the microchips would be implanted in people with HIV/AIDS who engaged in high-risk behavior, such as unprotected sex or the sharing of needles. He said this was necessary to monitor the movements and activities of these people. "It will only be imposed on people with HIV/AIDS who practice high-risk behaviors. Implanting the microchips is expected to check the number of people infected by the deadly virus in Papua." Manansang said the spread of HIV/AIDS in Papua had reached a point where it "threatened the existence of the Papuan people", making it necessary that authorities introduce new policies to deal with the disease. "Now nearly 24 percent of the Papuan population has been infected with HIV/AIDS. It's time to try a different policy ...," he said.<br /><br />http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/07/16/acpo_jones_paedo_implant/<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">'Let's track paedos with chip implants' - top cop fails tech test <br />Shall we just believe in witchcraft while we're about it?</span>,<br />by John Lettice, The Register, Published Sunday 16th July 2006<br />Britain's most senior policeman has, according to a Sunday Times report, suggested that surgically implanted chips could be used in order to track the movements of paedophiles and dangerous sex offenders. "If we are prepared to track cars, why don’t we track people? You could put surgical chips into those of the most dangerous sex offenders who are are willing to be controlled," said Ken Jones, president of the Association of Chief Police Officers.<br /><br />http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/mar07/4940/<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Hands On,</span>,<br />by Amal Graafstra, IEEE Spectrum, First Published March 2007<br />My life as an RFID guinea pig started in early 2005. I considered biometric authorization,but I found biometrics to be neither cheap nor reliable, so I turned my attention to RFID. I didn't care about communications standards—I wanted to make sure the glass tag could be safely put into / from my hand. Since the initial days of my first implant over two years ago, the number of do-it-yourself RFID taggers has grown to include hundreds of people worldwide. While I may want to upgrade one of my implants one day, for now I'm happy to just observe how others develop this trend.<br /><br />www.kevinwarwick.com<br /><br />http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/03/20/rfid_in_tooth/<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Belgians implant RFID chip in tooth, Absolutely dental</span>,<br />by Jan Libbenga, The Register, Published Monday 20th March 2006<br />Belgian scientists at the Catholic University of Leuven have embedded an RFID chip into a tooth to show how detailed personal information can be stored. Patrick Thevissen and his team adapted a tag which vets already implant into animals. If you lose your chipped dog, vets can retrieve the pet's home address from the device.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-15731086539636724902008-07-16T19:22:00.001+02:002008-07-16T19:23:52.077+02:00Intelligence Uses of Mind Control (HUMINT)<span id="j_fu" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="qe-u" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ta2f" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="o1b5" style="color:#000000;"><span id="yvm-" style="font-size:85%;"><b id="dfs4"> Intelligence Use of Mind Control in HUMINT</b></span></span></span></span></span> <p id="beb."><span id="nel:" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="c6ko" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="yz-x" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="sxzl" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="bj6n" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="hv:a" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="yd7k" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="gnm6" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="hlzy" style="color:#000000;"><b id="y5to"><u id="c9el">Secret Communications</u></b><a id="legt" href="http://www.scmp.com/"><br /></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="d5ok" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ue-2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="uqye" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="h60_" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="w09d" style="color:#000000;"><span id="c9js" style="font-size:85%;"><br /><span id="o3lm" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 4,858,612</span><br /><span id="c56s" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="awjv">Hearing device</b></span><br /><span id="grac" style="font-family: tahoma;">Abstract: A method and apparatus for simulation of hearing in mammals by introduction of a plurality of microwaves into the region of the</span><br /><span id="xy64" style="font-family: tahoma;">auditory cortex is shown and described. A microphone is used to transform sound signals into electrical signals which are in turn analyzed</span><br /><span id="i-2e" style="font-family: tahoma;">and processed to provide controls for generating a plurality of microwave signals at different frequencies. The multifrequency microwaves are</span><br /><span id="g5te" style="font-family: tahoma;">then applied to the brain in the region of the auditory cortex. By this method sounds are perceived by the mammal which are representative</span><br /><span id="qzph" style="font-family: tahoma;">of the original sound received by the microphone.</span><br /><span id="up9u" style="font-family: tahoma;">Inventors: Stocklin; Philip L.</span><br /><span id="dd1h" style="font-family: tahoma;">Filed: December 19, 1983 / August 22, 1989</span><br /><br /><br /><span id="qwx6" style="font-family: tahoma;">THE FIRST HEARING AID INVENTIONS EMERGE</span><br /><br /><span id="srjy" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 1,536,109</span><br /><span id="k-:l" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="h9jm">Hearing device for partially deaf persons</b></span><br /><span id="rd8z" style="font-family: tahoma;">May 5, 1925</span><br /><span id="wu9:" style="font-family: tahoma;">Henry L. Lessard</span><br /><br /><span id="o8td" style="font-family: tahoma;">1,737,430</span><br /><span id="ve:3" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="a:e1">Hearing device for the deaf</b></span><br /><span id="t3m5" style="font-family: tahoma;">Nov. 26, 1929</span><br /><span id="zuc9" style="font-family: tahoma;">F.E. Miller</span><br /><br /><br /><span id="rei6" style="font-family: tahoma;">FIRST SMALL MODELS HEARING AID</span><br /><br /><span id="x5wx" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 1,824,427; 1,884,638</span><br /><span id="k8u6" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="d51f">Hearing device</b></span><br /><span id="cnwl" style="font-family: tahoma;">Sept 22. 1931; Oct 25 1932</span><br /><span id="j1we" style="font-family: tahoma;">C. Fensky</span><br /><br /><span id="nw_t" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 2,127,468 (first models of small hearing aid)</span><br /><span id="duav" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="kjnx">Bone conducting hearing device</b></span><br /><span id="vof6" style="font-family: tahoma;">Filed: Nov 11, 1933 / Aug 16, 1938</span><br /><span id="i1h:" style="font-family: tahoma;">Emil Henry Greibach</span><br /><br /><span id="fx_3" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 2,239,550 (first models of small hearing aid)</span><br /><span id="rxzq" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="adrk">Bone conducting hearing device</b></span><br /><span id="dbvr" style="font-family: tahoma;">Joseph R. Cubert</span><br /><span id="tg6e" style="font-family: tahoma;">Apr 22, 1941</span><br /><br /><br /><span id="a:eu" style="font-family: tahoma;">FIRST SOUND PROCESSING:</span><br /><br /><span id="e-e7" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 3,621,150</span><br /><span id="sea0" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="c94m">SPEECH PROCESSOR FOR CHANGING VOICE PITCH</b></span><br /><span id="gjgn" style="font-family: tahoma;">Abstract: By utilizing the speech processor of the invention, the speech of a diver in a helium-oxygen atmosphere is made intelligible, or a normal recording played at higher speeds is made intelligible thereby providing a speed hearing capability, or a voice signal is compressed for transmission over low bandwidth communication lines. The invention makes use of the fact that normal speech may be chopped or segmented at certain rates and still retain its intelligibility. The basic principle of the invention is accomplished in either an electronic or electromechanical embodiment wherein the following steps are performed. The speech to be processed is segmented into very small and, in some applications, equal pieces. Every other piece is discarded and the remaining pieces are recombined. The recombined pieces are played back at a slower speed dependent on the length of the discarded pieces.</span><br /><span id="ider" style="font-family: tahoma;">Inventors: George W. Pappas, Lyndeborough</span><br /><span id="lu2e" style="font-family: tahoma;">Assignee: Sanders Associates (Inc., Nashua)</span><br /><span id="cq4q" style="font-family: tahoma;">Filed: September 17, 1969 / November 16, 1971</span><br /><br /><span id="s-0e" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 3,989,904</span><br /><span id="xgqf" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="ar_u">Method and apparatus for setting an aural prosthesis to provide specific auditory deficiency corrections</b></span><br /><span id="ut8i" style="font-family: tahoma;">Abstract: Apparatus for setting or adjusting an aural prosthesis, such as a hearing aid, in order to provide compensatory amplification or attenuation for aurally handicapped persons such that the prosthesis compensates for the specific auditory deficiencies of that person. The apparatus includes a master hearing aid having one or more adjustable gain controls for determining the person's preferred word discrimination levels for a plurality of frequency bands. As the master hearing aid is set at the person's preferred level for each separate band, a reciprocal control coupled to each master control is adjusted at the same time. A hearing aid is then selected having an acuity deficiency correction characteristic generally similar to that determined by the previous test information, and that hearing aid is coupled to the reciprocal gain controls. The hearing aid selected is of a type which may have one or more adjustable filter networks and a maximum power output adjustment or any combination of one or more of these. Whatever adjustable controls the hearing aid may have for its filters or for maximum power output are then adjusted by reference to the reciprocal gain values so that the audio response curve of the hearing aid closely approximates that of the master hearing aid.</span><br /><span id="fyp-" style="font-family: tahoma;">Inventors: Rohrer; John S., Blackledge; Vernon O.</span><br /><span id="w7vy" style="font-family: tahoma;">Assignee: Holmes; John L. (Scottsdale, AZ)</span><br /><span id="ebsu" style="font-family: tahoma;">Filed: December 30, 1974 / November 2, 1976</span><br /><br /><br /><span id="q4ev" style="font-family: tahoma;">THE CLASSICAL SHAPED HEARING AID</span><br /><br /><span id="o:6v" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 3,828,142</span><br /><span id="zoci" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="c2pc">ELECTRICAL HEARING AID</b></span><br /><span id="h2y3" style="font-family: tahoma;">Abstract: An electrical hearing aid is operated by the current of a current source provided in the casing of the hearing aid in a holder movable therein to exchange the source. The operating current is switched on and off by the movement of the holder and the closing or opening of contacts. An element effective between the holder and the casing snaps in rest locations in the switched on and switched off positions of the holder. The invention is particularly characterized by the provision of a closing device located between the holder and the casing and movable in and out to limit the movement of the holder at most to the switching operation and at least to an opening which just about prevents the removal of the battery.</span><br /><span id="gnab" style="font-family: tahoma;">Inventors: Buttner; Gerhard</span><br /><span id="lcsu" style="font-family: tahoma;">Assignee: Siemens Aktiengesellschaft (Erlangen, DT)</span><br /><span id="l_q6" style="font-family: tahoma;">Filed: April 18, 1973 / August 6, 1974</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span id="tml2" style="font-family: tahoma;">FIRST COCHLEAR EMERGE</span><br /><br /><span id="kodw" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 3,882,285</span><br /><span id="bcwg" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="s_o_">Implantable hearing aid and method of improving hearing</b></span><br /><span id="sps_" style="font-family: tahoma;">Abstract: A self-contained hearing device made of components compatible with the human body is provided which is implanted in a hollowed-out portion of the skull adjacent the ear canal. A microphone port is connected with the ear canal for receiving sound that enters the ear and transforming it to energies which are transmitted by a direct connection to theossicular chain or to other mechanical movable portions of the middle ear. A method of improving hearing is provided wherein a parallel hearing path is provided to augment the normal hearing path.</span><br /><span id="ot80" style="font-family: tahoma;">Inventors: Nunley; James A. , Agnew; Jeremy A.</span><br /><span id="i1-g" style="font-family: tahoma;">Assignee: The Vicon Instrument Company (Colorado Springs, CO)</span><br /><span id="e9nz" style="font-family: tahoma;">Filed: October 9, 1973 / May 6, 1975</span><br /><br /><span id="j9bv" style="font-family: tahoma;">United States Patent 4,063,048</span><br /><span id="depr" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="m33q">Implantable electronic hearing aid</b></span><br /><span id="or5m" style="font-family: tahoma;">Abstract: An electronic hearing aid device for enabling persons having loss of hearing due to a nonfunctioning inner ear (Cochlea), but have a responsive auditory (acoustic, or eighth cranial) nerve, to hear by way of an electronic device including a microphone for receiving audio signals connected to an amplifier for converting the audio signal into an analog voltage signal. The analog voltage signal is filtered by a series of filter networks which separate the analog voltage signal into a plurality of frequency component signals each having a predetermined frequency range within the audio spectrum. The component analog voltage signals are then converted into digital pulse signals having the same frequency as the component voltage signal which are fed to the auditory nerve by way of implantedplatinium (or other) wires wherein the digital pulse signals more accurately simulate the natural sound signals transmitted to the brain for interpretation.</span><br /><span id="v8x." style="font-family: tahoma;">Inventors: Kissiah, Jr.; Adam M.</span><br /><span id="zi4j" style="font-family: tahoma;">Filed: March 16, 1977 / December 13, 1977</span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="i0y:887" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="i0y:888" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="i0y:889" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="i0y:890" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="i0y:891" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="k979" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="oycs" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="lp13" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="z2mp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="v3wh" style="color:#000000;"><b id="p.e:">John C. Lilly; </b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="rs0m" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="jgfd" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="fxdo" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="clru" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="vbqj" style="color:#000000;">In the late 1950s he established a centre devoted to fostering human-dolphin communication; the Communication Research Institute on St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands. In the early 1960s, Dr. Lilly and co-workers published several papers reporting that dolphins could mimic human speech patterns. Subsequent investigations of dolphin cognition have generally, however, found it difficult to replicate his results. In the 1980s he led a project which attempted to teach dolphins a computer-synthesised language. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="g-bg" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="hehs" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="v0vu" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="d.i4" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="qh27" style="color:#000000;"><b id="cflk"> </b></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="m0rp" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="q:o." style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="zb:m" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="z_zq" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ztc9" style="color:#000000;"><b id="iw49">Subliminal message;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="zhgg" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="anco" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="vz-b" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="cjw0" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="s41y" style="color:#000000;">A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. These messages are indiscernible by the conscious mind, but in certain situations can affect the subconscious or deeper mind and later actions or attitudes. Subliminal techniques have occasionally been used in advertising and propaganda; the purpose, the effectiveness, and the frequency of the application of such techniques is debated. The term subliminal stands for "beneath alimen"; a limen is a sensory threshold. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="ttei" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="v01n" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="og5n" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="k7b3" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="q4v8" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="o1tp" style="color:#000000;"><b id="n32e">Patent # 3,393,279 dated 16 July 1968<br /></b>In 1958, Dr Flanagan, then a child of 14 developed a radio transmitter that made the brain into a radio reciever. This device transmits acoustic information to the brain by means of radio waves into the skin, bypassing the 8th Crainial Nerve. When he applied for a patent on the device, the patent examiner rejected the whole thing saying that such a device would go against all known laws of science. Over the following years, Dr Flanagan fought againstinsurmontable odds to prove that the device did indeed work. In the meantime, LIFE magazine ran a major article on Flanagan and the Neurophone , naming him as one of the top ten scientists in the US at the age of 17! In a final desperate move Flanagan flew to the patent office with a model of his invention and successfully demonstrated the device on a deaf employee in the patent examiner's office. The deaf man heard music for the first time in 15 years and broke down into tears. The examiner declared that theNeurophone was indeed a basic patentable device and approved the patent for release. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="n6dh" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="o2_k" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="papd" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="gsex" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="a8vo" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="k32j" style="color:#000000;"><b id="txir">José Manuel Rodriguez Delgado;</b><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="y2sh" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="l9r9" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="v8ho" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="plbn" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="yndh" style="color:#000000;">Much of Delgado's work was with an invention he called a stimoceiver, a radio which joined a stimulator of brain waves with a receiver which monitored E.E.G. waves and sent them back on separate radio channels. This allowed the subject of the experiment full freedom of movement while allowing the experimenter to control the experiment. Thestimoceiver could be used to stimulate emotions and control behavior. According to Delgado, "Radio Stimulation of different points in the amygdala and hippocampus in the four patients produced a variety of effects, including pleasant sensations, elation, deep, thoughtful concentration, odd feelings, super relaxation, colored visions, and other responses." Delgado stated that "brain transmitters can remain in a person's head for life.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <div id="nxcr" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <div id="w9ta" style="margin-left: 40px;"> <p id="cxku"><span id="ob.o" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="g20-" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ep20" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rbx0" style="color:#000000;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/101139</span></span></span></span></p></div></div> <p id="rzx_" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="jlc." style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="pf23" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="osja" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="c34i" style="color:#000000;"><b id="ox8o">Instrumentation, working hypotheses, and clinical aspects of neurostimulation., </b>by <a id="whvt" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Delgado%20JM%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstractPlusDrugs1">Delgado JM</a>., Appl Neurophysiol. 1977-1978;40(2-4):88-110. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="lc8s" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="b.fq" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="nyiv" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rul9" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="oniq" style="color:#000000;">The paper describes instrumentation developed in our laboratory for the therapy of neurological disorders, including </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="gv:k" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="xd-v" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="kci6" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ens9" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ll06" style="color:#000000;">(a) hybrid stimulator for chronic use which retains constant current characteristics, providing a low resistance path during the quiescent phase between pulses to minimize thepostpulse charge; </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="olsu" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="tq0q" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="n_bd" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="tt34" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="uubq" style="color:#000000;">(b) brain radio stimulators, crystal controlled, with digital logic section and an optoelectric sensor for telemetry of the intensity used; </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="gfbn" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="vmd2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="d3i:" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="l1-b" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ioc2m" style="color:#000000;">(c) external stimoceiver for experimental and clinical use, combining multichannel stimulator and EEG telemetric instrument; </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="s4mz" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="u:qn" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="gq.e" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="kuua" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="vddk5" style="color:#000000;">(d) transdermal stimoceivers, totally implantable for two-way communication with the brain through the intact skin; and </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="ho:4" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="p28s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ginz" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="qev4" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ou4b" style="color:#000000;">(e) implantable microprocessor for detection of EEG signals which are used to trigger contingent brain stimulation. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="f5_0" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="wa8e" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="z20m" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="a7nx" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="zaha" style="color:#000000;">Our working hypotheses for chronic brain stimulation include </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="ljds" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="mfy." style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="x89a" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="fxrr" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ib93" style="color:#000000;">(a) electrical modification of the functional set point of specific cerebral areas; </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="spib" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="f-q1" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="u6l:" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ssmf" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="r1rh" style="color:#000000;">(b) feedback-controlled stimulation; and </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="fvfp" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="g88g" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="zmf4" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="s.ol" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="e7lr" style="color:#000000;">(c) establishment of artificial neuronal links with the aide of the computer. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="mr4y" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ko.6" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="g1_v" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="kmq4" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="m418" style="color:#000000;">The paper concludes with a discussion of the indications for therapeutic use of brain stimulation and criteria for patient selection. </span></span></span></span></p> <div id="u97d" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="uhm2"><span id="n:oi" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="u95u" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="k.kp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="e40z" style="color:#000000;">PMID: 101139 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</span></span></span></span></p></div> <p id="u7.l" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <div id="ydrz" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <div id="lhjh" style="margin-left: 40px;"> <p id="irber"> </p> <p id="r29o"> </p> <p id="ri26"> </p> <p id="lk2r"> </p><table id="kyr6" width="100%"> <tbody id="u7es"> <tr id="b.yh"> <td id="z28h" align="left" width="50%"><b id="l3zg">United States Patent </b></td> <td id="b19u" width="50%"> <p id="ge7x" align="left"><b id="h3u0">4,052,572</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="uoz7"> <td id="a-7b" align="left" width="50%"><b id="h6.3">Schafer </b></td> <td id="qthv" width="50%"> <p id="s29v" align="left"><b id="ubla">October 4, 1977 </b></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p id="t2k:"><span id="yj6d" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="s:qu" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="cm9b" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="k20e" style="color:#000000;"><span id="w-7h" style="font-size:+1;">Hearing aid </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="q8nw"><span id="ina3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="f5ys" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ltos" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="agrm" style="color:#000000;"><b id="rven">Abstract: </b>"Hearing" without involving the ear is realized by electrical conduction of the sound-representing signals on a carrier optimally in the frequency range of 15-60 kHz, from an electrode held against a person's head to the auditory cortex and possibly to the auditory nerve. This is here called a "cortical hearing aid". The ability of the person to recognize sounds with a cortical hearing aid is notably enhanced by introduction of significant distortion of the audio signals, especially low-order harmonics of the audio frequencies. The distortion acts as a substitute for distortion ordinarily occurring in the ear but disregarded in the hearing process. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="fdzt"> </p><table id="kng-" width="100%"> <tbody id="w7nm"> <tr id="bg75"> <td id="eyo7" align="left" valign="top" width="10%">Inventors: </td> <td id="y:y:" align="left" width="90%"><b id="gq6a">Schafer; Curtiss R.</b> (Newtown, CT) </td></tr> <tr id="xfzq"> <td id="mri1" align="left" valign="top" width="10%">Assignee:</td> <td id="b115" align="left" width="90%"><b id="d01h">Electro-Physical Research, Inc.</b> (</td></tr></tbody></table> <p id="mmod"> </p> <p id="ck4a"><span id="e43o" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="i89i" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="grvm" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="o4_g" style="color:#000000;"><br /> </span></span></span></span></p></div> <table id="cb_v" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" height="272" width="853"> <tbody id="f._z"> <tr id="xi4q"> <td id="we43" width="5%"> <p id="oiw1"><a id="ig43" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3721230.html">3721230</a></p></td> <td id="w6yw" width="10%"> <p id="bgc_">March, 1973</p></td> <td id="oza8" width="8%"> <p id="jtmu">Ziernicki </p></td> <td id="pu3g"> <p id="un8n"><br /></p></td> <td id="pbse" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="nfpm"><b id="q5tn">HIGH-GAIN MONITOR TO DETERMINE ELECTRO-CEREBRAL SILENCE</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="eyqf"> <td id="jc.e" width="5%"> <p id="ghq3"><a id="dc2t" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3727604.html">3727604</a></p></td> <td id="sjcp" width="10%"> <p id="nbus">April, 1973</p></td> <td id="ha7b" width="8%"> <p id="eu9w">Sidwell et al. </p></td> <td id="a:uc"> <p id="zn2y"><br /></p></td> <td id="m9-7" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="huth"><b id="s6.v">EMOTIONAL LEVEL INDICATOR</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="f29x"> <td id="tlbn" width="5%"> <p id="zvmm"><a id="j:2q" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/3951134.html">3951134</a></p></td> <td id="on0x" width="10%"> <p id="orxy">April, 1976 </p></td> <td id="cl0v" width="8%"> <p id="w:7d">Malech </p></td> <td id="pfgr"> <p id="f2qa"><br /></p></td> <td id="kyrd" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="kt0g"><b id="sd:h">Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brain waves</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="odcq"> <td id="j9he" width="5%"> <p id="ivyh"><a id="h9z." href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4134395.html">4134395</a></p></td> <td id="snyq" width="10%"> <p id="m97k">January, 1979 </p></td> <td id="j_u9" width="8%"> <p id="awkn">Davis </p></td> <td id="trha"> <p id="a8ai"><br /></p></td> <td id="a5bn" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="mnky">Method of using magnetic fields to conduct a screening diagnostic examination</p></td></tr> <tr id="jcx6"> <td id="weaw" width="5%"> <p id="o-ge"><a id="j-ly" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4557271.html">4557271</a></p></td> <td id="s-du" width="10%"> <p id="bmwk">December, 1985 </p></td> <td id="nh-k" width="8%"> <p id="n.0q">Stoller et al. </p></td> <td id="ufb9"> <p id="wup4">128/734 </p></td> <td id="gb8n" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="om_5"><b id="to97">Method and apparatus for detecting body illness, dysfunction, disease and/or pathology</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="pi-q"> <td id="e7x1" width="5%"> <p id="i:c0"><a id="kw37" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4602639.html">4602639</a></p></td> <td id="y1tr" width="10%"> <p id="sp0v">July, 1986 </p></td> <td id="fc96" width="8%"> <p id="ajcy">Hoogendoorn et al. </p></td> <td id="yq.w"> <p id="wm:y">128/639 </p></td> <td id="oxmj" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="v0-e">Method and apparatus for contactless measurement of charge concentrations and potential differences in biological organisms</p></td></tr> <tr id="r:8i"> <td id="lyik" width="5%"> <p id="gqc1"><a id="dfay" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4625732.html">4625732</a></p></td> <td id="oosk" width="10%"> <p id="l2tz">December, 1986 </p></td> <td id="p5l7" width="8%"> <p id="mrw2">Kasa et al. </p></td> <td id="jj65"> <p id="jw4q">128/670 </p></td> <td id="yiob" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="i2bq">Apparatus for measuring the actual psychophysiological condition</p></td></tr> <tr id="nvk4"> <td id="fsjc" width="5%"> <p id="q3b7"><a id="prbs" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4688580.html">4688580</a></p></td> <td id="rfzk" width="10%"> <p id="cwaf">August, 1987 </p></td> <td id="uidl" width="8%"> <p id="doiz">Ko et al. </p></td> <td id="w1m6"> <p id="tt.f">128/734 </p></td> <td id="jowb" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="c-_.">Non-invasive electromagnetic technique for monitoring bone healing and bone fracture localization</p></td></tr> <tr id="wtpt"> <td id="t8:g" width="5%"> <p id="gj.j"><a id="eyi:" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4690149.html">4690149</a></p></td> <td id="vkxy" width="10%"> <p id="ny9s">September, 1987 </p></td> <td id="if2e" width="8%"> <p id="dh27">Ko </p></td> <td id="c5ub"> <p id="y9ds">128/653</p></td> <td id="pw-q" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="th1e">Non-invasive electromagnetic technique for monitoring physiological changes in the brain</p></td></tr> <tr id="h6gp"> <td id="zoxb" width="5%"> <p id="b_o2"><a id="xhkg" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4697599.html">4697599</a></p></td> <td id="z:by" width="10%"> <p id="s396">October, 1987 </p></td> <td id="lrw6" width="8%"> <p id="ebal">Woodley et al. </p></td> <td id="zk1h"> <p id="s6gl"><br /></p></td> <td id="k0.s" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="a-yy">Apparatus for locating and detecting pain</p></td></tr> <tr id="e7h2"> <td id="g1n1" width="5%"> <p id="kobc"><a id="j2gr" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4719425.html">4719425</a></p></td> <td id="b22b" width="10%"> <p id="m4d6v">January, 1988 </p></td> <td id="fs3v" width="8%"> <p id="oykj">Ettinger </p></td> <td id="iwf0"> <p id="d55u">324/316 </p></td> <td id="suev" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="n67c">NMR imaging method and apparatus</p></td></tr> <tr id="u7du"> <td id="fqm:" width="5%"> <p id="h05-"><a id="rdyg" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4864282.html">4864282</a></p></td> <td id="puo1" width="10%"> <p id="vfyo">September, 1989 </p></td> <td id="fcbk" width="8%"> <p id="fk69">Toeg </p></td> <td id="ypiz"> <p id="vpfp">340/573</p></td> <td id="cyns" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="miaq"><b id="xr40">Method and apparatus for detecting or measuring the presence of humans or biological organism</b></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p id="pra-"><span id="uai6" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="jjvf" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ul:a" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="vd3m" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p></div> <div id="iw1j" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <table class="zeroBorder" classname="zeroBorder" id="czfd" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" height="214" width="856"> <tbody id="xb.j"> <tr id="ic:b"> <td id="ssh0" width="5%"> <p id="j-4k"><a id="w3xn" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4930516.html">4930516</a></p></td> <td id="ew.b" width="10%"> <p id="za8q">June, 1990 </p></td> <td id="gt6i" width="8%"> <p id="o:_5">Alfano et al. </p></td> <td id="fvru"> <p id="bdv9">128/665 </p></td> <td id="m8jq" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="xe2w">Method for detecting cancerous tissue using visible native luminescence</p></td></tr> <tr id="kp1y"> <td id="s1_j" width="5%"> <p id="wwqw"><a id="hdq1" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4940058.html">4940058</a></p></td> <td id="p3hb" width="10%"> <p id="mhvc">July, 1990 </p></td> <td id="yy-:" width="8%"> <p id="meng">Taff et al. </p></td> <td id="p6dg"> <p id="eo4_">128/653.1 </p></td> <td id="u50u" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="vx3-">Cryogenic remote sensing physiograph</p></td></tr> <tr id="abc:"> <td id="a75d" width="5%"> <p id="s:4c"><a id="rggb" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4951674.html">4951674</a></p></td> <td id="m5-6" width="10%"> <p id="umnq">August, 1990 </p></td> <td id="p2jh" width="8%"> <p id="x3.2">Zanakis et al. </p></td> <td id="g75y"> <p id="lqf2">128/653R</p></td> <td id="hrm6" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="dcg."><b id="cqq.">Biomagnetic analytical system using fiber-optic magnetic sensors</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="vvbb"> <td id="lch9" width="5%"> <p id="gd2g"><a id="v5ox" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4961428.html">4961428</a></p></td> <td id="d40b" width="10%"> <p id="qa16">October, 1990 </p></td> <td id="f31l" width="8%"> <p id="kf4x">Nikias et al. </p></td> <td id="lcsi"> <p id="wr:t">128/699 </p></td> <td id="bujh" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="lozm">Non-invasive method and apparatus for describing the electrical activity of the surface of an interior organ</p></td></tr> <tr id="ll-j"> <td id="s6is" width="5%"> <p id="tnf0"><a id="y_a_" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5003979.html">5003979</a></p></td> <td id="vpp1" width="10%"> <p id="ufui">February, 1991 </p></td> <td id="rze7" width="8%"> <p id="ouyc">Merickel et al. </p></td> <td id="t.6d"> <p id="xwd:"><br /></p></td> <td id="udfk" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="zvke">System and method for the noninvasive identification and display of breast lesions and the like</p></td></tr> <tr id="feo1"> <td id="ubjr" width="5%"> <p id="vmez"><a id="hisg" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5020538.html">5020538</a></p></td> <td id="nhld" width="10%"> <p id="kqp1">June, 1991 </p></td> <td id="ycb2" width="8%"> <p id="wfnu">Morgan et al. </p></td> <td id="boz3"> <p id="xvk5">128/653.1 </p></td> <td id="ide4" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="uzq9"><b id="wvez">Low noise magnetoencephalogram system and method</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="nybq"> <td id="b3:o" width="5%"> <p id="a1mm"><a id="fdk9" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5092835.html">5092835</a></p></td> <td id="c:oj" width="10%"> <p id="orh4">March, 1992 </p></td> <td id="mo1j" width="8%"> <p id="wi:e">Schurig et al. </p></td> <td id="wmh:"> <p id="c83e">600/9 </p></td> <td id="uzb:" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="eygz"><b id="ccks">Brain and nerve healing power apparatus and method</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="egyc"> <td id="s4jn" width="5%"> <p id="nhqh"><a id="c3ci" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5152288.html">5152288</a></p></td> <td id="ukfg" width="10%"> <p id="qffd">October, 1992 </p></td> <td id="c1uo" width="8%"> <p id="orfs">Hoenig et al. </p></td> <td id="qa2e"> <p id="j.-m">128/653.1 </p></td> <td id="dr_:" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="z7ym"><b id="n2:o">Apparatus and method for measuring weak, location-dependent and time-dependent magnetic fields</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="w1bi"> <td id="ld06" width="5%"> <p id="k9.g"><a id="wsy_" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5183456.html">5183456</a></p></td> <td id="sqk1" width="10%"> <p id="q-as">February, 1993</p></td> <td id="pjan" width="8%"> <p id="mbas">Liboff et al. </p></td> <td id="k34l"> <p id="je9s">600/9 </p></td> <td id="bb00" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="ixhb">Method and apparatus for the treatment of cancer</p></td></tr> <tr id="grwa"> <td id="ewks" width="5%"> <p id="p7_i"><a id="a:dg" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5261405.html">5261405</a></p></td> <td id="xfl3" width="10%"> <p id="o2h5">November, 1993</p></td> <td id="jysj" width="8%"> <p id="pbou">Fossel </p></td> <td id="gsng"> <p id="nal4">128/653.2 </p></td> <td id="z4wt" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="d.rz">Apparatus and method for detecting cancer using nuclear magnetic resonance</p></td></tr> <tr id="fbmu"> <td id="ll-." width="5%"> <p id="syt:"><a id="z.z8" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5307807.html">5307807</a></p></td> <td id="g-56" width="10%"> <p id="ouu9">May, 1994 </p></td> <td id="y9.d" width="8%"> <p id="bap2">Valdes Sosa et al. </p></td> <td id="l0ef"> <p id="nsw0">128/653.1 </p></td> <td id="tdxb" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="k.il">Method and system for three dimensional tomography of activity and connectivity of brain and heart electromagnetic waves generators</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p id="wvcu"><span id="aejw" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="efvu" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="myk6" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="j9x4" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="hsmd" style="font-family: tahoma; text-align: left;"><span id="jba0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="w0fa" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="u6ip" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ze-b" style="color:#000000;">http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/root/vumc.php?site=audiologyservices&doc=11830<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="lv37" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ihay" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="pv.3" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ir7v" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="y028" style="color:#000000;"><b id="azvm">Bone-anchored hearing aids (aka, Baha);</b> vanderbilt University, Bill Wilkerson Center <br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="skrt" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ueh." style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="knxk" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="huy1" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="extc" style="color:#000000;">Osseointegrated cochlear stimulator: People with impaired hearing often have difficulty coping with important aspects of everyday life. Air conduction hearing devices, such as most traditional hearing aids, provide a satisfactory solution for people with a specific type of hearing loss, but they are not always suitable for all types of hearing loss. For many people, direct bone conduction and theBaha system offers an alternative, and better, pathway for sound.The Baha system utilizes your body’s natural ability to conduct sound. Bone, like air, can conduct sound vibrations. For people with hearing loss, this provides another pathway to perceive sound. Typical hearing aids rely on air conduction and a functioning middle ear. In cases where the middle ear function may be blocked, damaged or occluded, theBaha system may be a better option as it bypasses the middle ear altogether. Instead, sound is sent around the damaged or problematic area, naturally stimulating the cochlea through bone conduction. Once the cochlea receives these sound vibrations, the organ ‘hears’ in the same manner as through air conduction; the sound is converted into neural signals and is transferred to the brain, allowing aBaha recipient to perceive sound. <br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="p4jg"><span id="ipdi" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="cjxa" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="fey." style="font-size:+0;"><span id="uqcb" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="e6qz" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="qfir" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="u.j8" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="xwg6" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="f4g6" style="color:#000000;">http://www.scmp.com/<br /><b id="b:1g">Don roots out 'mindbenders'.,</b><br />by PATRICIA YOUNG, 25th January 1996, South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd Hong Kong.<br />AN academic has filed a US$100 million (HK$773 million) writ against the US Government claiming it secretly implanted a miniature device in his teeth to control his mind.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <div id="h06:" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="twqq"><span id="kfp9" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="tt60" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="xf-t" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="sm-x" style="color:#000000;">http://www.hackcanada.com/homegrown/wetware/misc/emc.txt</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="lff4"><span id="cx:6" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="r7jw" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="oz1_" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="uooe" style="color:#000000;">"The South China Morning Post reported on January 25 1996 that an assistant professor at the University of Science & Technology,Hong Kong, has filed a $100 million suit against the U.S. government for implanting mind-control devices in his teeth. Huang Si-ming charges that the devices were implanted during root canal work in 1991 while he was studying at the University of Iowa, according to Morning Post reported Patricia Young. Another student at Iowa University, who like Huang, was born in China, had gone on a shooting spree, and the Feds, Huang says, put the devices in his teeth to find out if he was involved. "TheHong Kong professor says he suffered an Alzheimer's disease-like memory loss that hampered his teaching. It stopped, he says, only when he sought legal aid to mount his lawsuit. Besides the U.S., the suit names the University of Science & Technology on the grounds that it was involved in continuing the mind-control work. It also seeks punitive damages of $1 million from the defendants for 'low ethical standards.' "Huang claims that one of the devices in his teeth can read his thoughts and talk to his mind when he's asleep. A second device, he believes, transmits pictures of what he sees to a receiver for recording. The mind controller, he says, can drive him to 'bad' behavior. He gives two examples, one of which cannot be mentioned in a family magazine."</span></span></span></span></p></div> <p id="yx.d" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="fdy6"><br /></p> <p id="i0y:1004"><br /></p> <p id="i0y:1005">United States Patent 4,858,612<br /><span id="r50n"><b id="f:q:">Hearing device</b></span><br />Abstract: A method and apparatus for simulation of hearing in mammals by introduction of a plurality of microwaves into the region of the auditory cortex is shown and described. A microphone is used to transform sound signals into electrical signals which are in turn analyzed and processed to provide controls for generating a plurality of microwave signals at different frequencies. Themultifrequency microwaves are then applied to the brain in the region of the auditory cortex. By this method sounds are perceived by the mammal which are representative of the original sound received by the microphone.<br />Inventors: Stocklin; Philip L.<br />Filed: December 19, 1983 / August 22, 1989</p> <p id="i0y:1008"><span id="gcf5" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="vukn" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="nvry" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="jxex" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="i0y:1009"><span id="i0y:1010" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="i0y:1011" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="i0y:1012" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="i0y:1013" style="color:#000000;">http://www.auger-loizeau.com/projects/ati/pro_ati.html</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="q:xt"><span id="c:oc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="pghs" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="y5:j" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="dow_" style="color:#000000;"><b id="m_ll">Implant technology is already commonplace in the form of replacement surgery (artificial joints, pacemakers, etc).</b> </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="k16x"><span id="qy.v" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="j6ut" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="u_5k" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="oiwr" style="color:#000000;">The Audio Tooth Implant (ATI) is the first commodity based in-body product. Augmenting our body’s communication skills it enables a form of telepathy. A micro-vibration device and a wireless low frequency receiver are implanted in the tooth during routine dental surgery. The tooth communicates with an array of digital devices, such as mobile telephones, radio and computers. A dedicated device (also acts as the long-range receiver) is used to fully customise the set up for each individuals personal requirements. Sound information is transferred from the tooth into the inner ear by bone transduction. Sound reception is totally discreet enabling information to be received anywhere at anytime.</span></span></span></span></p> <ul id="cnbg" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="r3of"> <p id="zis4"><span id="ctkm" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="x9xh" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rnu." style="font-size:+0;"><span id="jez5" style="color:#000000;">Wired Excuse Me, Is Your Tooth Ringing? by Lakshmi Sandhana 06.21.02 http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/06/53302 </span></span></span></span></p> </li><li id="urxp"> <p id="v50i"><span id="fs.w" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="eg9s" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="z-t." style="font-size:+0;"><span id="vs6x" style="color:#000000;">Geek.com Mobile phone in your tooth by Matthew posted on June 24, 2002 9:15 am http://www.geek.com/mobile-phone-in-your-tooth/ </span></span></span></span></p> </li><li id="rnw3"> <p id="tm3h"><span id="b.lz" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="x9pi" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="p_z7" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="m0yo" style="color:#000000;">Time Magazine Transit & Talk PHONE TOOTH inventor: James Auger and jimmy Loizeau http://www.time.com/time/2002/inventions/tra_phone.html </span></span></span></span></p> </li><li id="vq_e"> <p id="qtto"><span id="qqfm" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="l5p2" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rn7v" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="a.2g" style="color:#000000;">BBC News Put your mobile where your mouth is thursday 20 June 2002 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2055654.stm</span></span></span></span></p></li> </ul> <p id="l3_q"><span id="k87:" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="xca9" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="yx6s" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="g9yv" style="color:#000000;"><br />http://earthpulse.com/epulseuploads/articles/SynTelepathy.pdf</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="tcqz"><span id="sq7j" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="va8c" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="gyg5" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="hyya" style="color:#000000;"><b id="v6.o">SYNTHETIC TELEPATHY AND THE EARLY MIND WARS; </b>by Richard Alan Miller, c2001</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="weku"><span id="zrvq" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="hj5q" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="k7qf" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="jruu" style="color:#000000;">"Frey found that human subjects exposed to 1310 MHz and 2982 MHz microwaves at average power densities of 0.4 to 2 mW/cm2 perceived auditory sensations described as buzzing or knocking sounds. The sensation occurred instantaneously at average incident power densities well below that necessary for known biological damage and appeared to originate from within or near thebackof the head." </span></span></span></span></p> <div id="iq7u" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="x3yh"><span id="sskk" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="u6en" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rw.-" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="aygv" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p></div> <p id="xfo4" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="x9w-" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="vfep" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="h2if" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="u3te" style="color:#000000;">http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/mar/HQ_04093_subvocal_speech.html<br />http://amesnews.arc.nasa.gov/releases/2004/subvocal/subvocal.html<br /><b id="yxwf">NASA Develops System To Computerize Silent, "Subvocal Speech"</b><br />by Michael Braukus, Headquarters, Washington, John Bluck , Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.; March 17, 2004; RELEASE : 04-093 NASA scientists have begun to computerize human, silent reading using nerve signals in the throat that control speech. In preliminary experiments, NASA scientists found that small, button-sized sensors, stuck under the chin and on either side of the "Adam's apple," could gather nerve signals, and send them to a processor and then to a computer program that translates them into words. Eventually, such "subvocal speech" systems could be used in spacesuits, in noisy places like airport towers to capture air-traffic controller commands, or even in traditional voice-recognition programs to increase accuracy, according to NASA scientists."What is analyzed is silent, orsubauditory, speech, such as when a person silently reads or talks to himself," said Chuck Jorgensen, a scientist whose team is developing silent, subvocal speech recognition at NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. "Biological signals arise when reading or speaking to oneself with or without actual lip or facial movement," Jorgensen explained. "A person using the subvocal system thinks of phrases and talks to himself so quietly, it cannot be heard, but the tongue and vocal chords do receive speech signals from the brain,"Jorgensen said. In their first experiment, scientists "trained" special software to recognize six words and 10 digits that the researchers repeatedsubvocally . Initial word recognition results were an average of 92 percent accurate. The first sub-vocal words the system "learned" were "stop," "go," "left," "right," "alpha" and "omega," and the digits "zero" through "nine." Silently speaking these words, scientists conducted simple searches on the Internet by using a number chart representing the alphabet to control a Web browser program. "We took the alphabet and put it into a matrix -- like a calendar. We numbered the columns and rows, and we could identify each letter with a pair of single-digit numbers,"Jorgensen said. "So we silently spelled out 'NASA' and then submitted it to a well-known Web search engine. We electronically numbered the Web pages that came up as search results. We used the numbers again to choose Web pages to examine. This proved we could browse the Web without touching a keyboard,"Jorgensen explained. Scientists are testing new, "noncontact " sensors that can read muscle signals even through a layer of clothing. A second demonstration will be to control a mechanical device using a simple set of commands, according toJorgensen . His team is planning tests with a simulated Mars rover. "We can have the model rover go left or right using silently 'spoken' words,"Jorgensen said. People in noisy conditions could use the system when privacy is needed, such as during telephone conversations on buses or trains, according to scientists. "An expanded muscle-control system could help injured astronauts control machines. If an astronaut is suffering from muscle weakness due to a long stint in microgravity, the astronaut could send signals to software that would assist with landings on Mars or the Earth, for example,"Jorgensen explained. "A logical spin-off would be that handicapped persons could use this system for a lot of things." To learn more about what is in the patterns of the nerve signals that control vocal chords, muscles and tongue position,Ames scientists are studying the complex nerve-signal patterns. "We use an amplifier to strengthen the electrical nerve signals. These are processed to remove noise, and then we process them to see useful parts of the signals to show one word from another,"Jorgensen said. After the signals are amplified, computer software "reads" the signals to recognize each word and sound. "The keys to this system are the sensors, the signal processing and the pattern recognition, and that's where the scientific meat of what we're doing resides,"Jorgensen explained. "We will continue to expand the vocabulary with sets of English sounds, usable by a full speech-recognition computer program." The Computing, Information and Communications Technology Program, part ofNASA's Office of Exploration Systems, funds the subvocal word-recognition research. There is a patent pending for the new technology. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="mnmu" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="wmfb" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="we8a" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="c-nq" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="e:yj" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="t-0g" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="lu7d" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="lwle" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="m4n9" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="pcup" style="color:#000000;"><a id="x.jh" href="http://www.theaudeo.com/">http://www.theaudeo.com/</a> <br /><a id="fkx1" href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0712/S01165.htm">http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0712/S01165.htm</a></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="xsul" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="tg92" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="rsj_" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="orwn" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="dty0" style="color:#000000;"><b id="ezxp">Device for Disabled Converts Brain Signals into Spoken Words</b></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="v4mo" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ov_w" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="rl:d" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ndz0" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="y_0r" style="color:#000000;">by Louise Fenner; 24 Dec. 2007, Press Release: US Information Service; SCOOP WORLD </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="ygn:" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="b3ya" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="hhsy" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="yoda" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="wsap" style="color:#000000;">Device Converts Brain Signals Into Spoken Words. Two young inventors are perfecting a device that gives back the power of speech to people who suffer from diseases or disabilities that have taken away their ability to talk. The device, called theAudeo , translates thoughts -- or, more precisely, brain signals sent to the vocal cords -- into synthesized speech. Using the same technology, inventors Michael Callahan and Thomas Coleman also have created a mechanized wheelchair that moves, turns and stops in response to intercepted brain signals. The first commercially available speech device "is slated for the middle of 2008, designed specifically for people withALS or diseases that have similar types of effects," Callahan said in an interview from his office in Champaign, Illinois, where he and Coleman co-founded the Ambient Corporation three years ago to research and market the Audeo. Both men are now 25. ALS -- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease -- can rob people of their physical motor control and ability to produce speech. So can some other diseases, as well as traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, stroke and certain spinal cord injuries. Callahan and Coleman are anxious to help people with such conditions. TheAudeo uses sensors located in a neckband worn by the user to detect electrical impulses in the vocal cords and relay them to a nearby computer that converts the signals to speech. But users need not fear that the device can read their minds, Callahan said. "It's a step above thinking and a step below actually speaking, so you have to want to say it," he explained. "If you don't want to say it, we have no signal to detect and nothing is able to be communicated. But if person does actually want to say it, we're able to capture the instruction signal that your brain sends." "we're trying to provide a more efficient way to input thoughts into a computer." He estimates that some 3 million people in the United States and 60 million people worldwide could benefit from this technology. "We've gotten a large amount of interest from countries all over the world, from people who have different diseases and disabilities," Callahan said. "Our first roll-out will be targeted toward English speakers, but we have the technology to cross the language barrier and to enable people to speak in other languages." He and Coleman started investigating the technology as engineering students at the University of IllinoisChampaign-Urbana , and they have won numerous awards for their work. Testing is being done at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago and other institutions. They also hope to find mainstream commercial uses for the technology such as silent cell-phone communication. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="eh6z" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="z0ha" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="f.ts" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="w6q8" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="tw.5" style="color:#000000;">Ambient Corporation: The Audeo is being developed to create a human-computer interface for communication without the need of physical motor control or speech production. Using signal processing, unpronounced speech representing the thought of the mind can be translated from intercepted neurological signals. By interfacing near the source of vocal production, theAudeo has the potential to restore communication to people who are unable to speak. The proposed solution is a featherweight wireless device resting over the vocal cords capable of transmitting neurological information from the brain. Using data analysis, this information can be processed into synthesized speech or a menu selection capable of conveying the basic necessities of human life. February 26, 2008 Ambient demonstrates world's first voiceless phone call conversation.<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="jdaq" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="a3.o" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="y9qp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="k29v" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="va2w" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="ldzn">http://discovermagazine.com/2008/feb/whatever-happened-to-subliminal-advertising </p> <p id="pa4i"><b id="xsp4">Whatever Happened to . . . Subliminal Advertising?- New, credible research suggests it could very well work.</b> </p> <p id="o7du">by Stephen Ornes ; Discover Magazine, 02.07.2008</p> <p id="z7ln">In 1957, marketing executive James Vicary claimed that during screenings of the film Picnic, the words “eat popcorn” and “drink Coca-Cola” were flashed on the screen every five seconds for 1/3,000 second—well below the threshold of conscious awareness.Vicary said soda and popcorn sales spiked as a result of what he called “subliminal advertising.” Psychologists had been studying subliminal messages since the late 19th century. It was Vicary’s ideas, presented in Vance Packard’s 1957 best seller, The Hidden Persuaders, that catapulted the concept of subliminal advertising into the public consciousness. Even though in a 1962 interview with Advertising AgeVicary admitted that the amount of data he’d collected was “too small to be meaningful,” subliminal messages continued to attract public—and commercial—interest. In 1974, the FCC held hearings about the perceived threat of subliminal advertising and issued a policy statement saying that “subliminal perception” was deceptive and “contrary to the public interest.” Concerns about subliminal advertising continued for decades. As recently as 2000 during the presidential race, the Republican National Committee ran an ad attacking the policies of Al Gore in which the word rats briefly flashed on the screen. Many suspected subliminal intent, which the ad’s creator denied. MatthewErdelyi, a psychology professor at Brooklyn College, says that while Vicary’s methods were controversial, new studies continue to suggest the use of subliminal perception in advertising could be effective. “There’s a lot of interest, but the subject matter is a little bit taboo,” he says. Still, if subliminal messages in advertising have a resurgence in the future, “nobody should be terribly surprised.”<br /></p> <p id="bfl8"><br /></p> <p id="y0op"><b id="dapa">Subliminal exposure to national flags affects political thought and behavior.</b></p> <div class="authors" id="jvip"> <p id="e-bp">by Hassin RR, Ferguson MJ, Shidlovski D, Gross T.</p></div> <p class="affiliation" id="i2d9">Department of Psychology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91905, Israel. : Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Dec 11;104(50):19757-61. </p> <p class="abstract" id="bm9e">Political thought and behavior play an important role in our lives, from ethnic tensions in Europe, to the war in Iraq and the Middle Eastern conflict, to parliamentary and presidential elections. However, little is known about how theindividual's political attitudes and decisions are shaped by subtle national cues that are so prevalent in our environment. We report a series of experiments that show that subliminal exposure to one's national flag influences political attitudes, intentions, and decisions, both in laboratory settings and in "real-life" behavior. Furthermore, this manipulation consistently narrowed the gap between those who score high vs. low on a scale of identification with Israeli nationalism. The first two experiments examined participants' stance toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Jewish settlers in the West Bank. Experiment 3 examined voting intentions and actual voting in Israel's recently held general elections. The results portray a consistent picture: subtle reminders of one's nationality significantly influence political thought and overt political behavior.</p> <p class="pmid" id="kvzi">PMID: 18056813 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</p> <p id="ofla"><br /></p> <p id="klmp"><span class="author" id="eod4"><span id="xoxx" style="font-size:180%;"><b id="l:zg"><i id="y8ba">http://discovermagazine.com/topics/mind-brain</i></b></span></span></p> <p id="fgjx"><span id="ndyh" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="vq2x" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="sz:s" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="b:ms" style="color:#000000;"><b id="fonn"><u id="rd:q"><br /></u></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="t4pq"><span id="au_0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="y95v" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="jkjp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="j3vm" style="color:#000000;"><b id="wqum"><u id="g_0z">Secret Surveillance</u></b><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="i0y:1076"><span id="i0y:1077" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="i0y:1078" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="i0y:1079" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="i0y:1080" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="i0y:1081">United States Patent 3,478,344<br /><span id="vups"><b id="eky6">A behavioural Supervision system with wrist carried transceiver.</b></span><br />Abstract: A system for analyzing and or supervizing the behaviour of selected individuals...<br />Inventors: Ralph K. Schwitzgebel et. al.<br />Filed: June 21, 1965 / Nov 11, 1969<br /><br />United States Patent 4,178,916<br /><span id="we35"><b id="uoy.">Diabetic insulin alarm system</b></span><br />Abstract: The disclosed Diabetic Insulin Alarm System is designed to monitor certain physiological conditions of the wearer associated with insulin shock. The system includes means to sense such physiological conditions of the wearer and to produce an electrical output. This output actuates a pulse generator which in turn energizes an oscillator producing oscillations that are applied both to an enclosed speaker and to a tuned circuit. The tuned circuit, in turn, energizes an antenna which radiates electromagnetic energy at a frequency to which an electromagnetic receiver may be tuned. Thus, by tuning an electromagnetic receiver, such as a radio, to the frequency radiated by the antenna, a wearer can employ the receiver to alert him to the onset of insulin shock, the audible tone produced by the speaker even waking him when asleep.<br />Inventors: McNamara; Elger W.<br />Filed: September 26, 1977 / December 18, 1979<br /><br />United States Patent 4,399,821<br /><span id="csep"><b id="o8f-">Free moving animal physiological monitoring and identification system and method</b></span><br />Abstract: An animal physiological monitoring and identification system and method for carrying out same, wherein each animal within the system is provided with an implanted device equipped with means for deriving the data representative of one or more animal physiological parameters, such a device also holding stored animal identification data and being equipped to communicate data to and from external data handling and interrogation devices. Each implanted device provides for delivery of stimulation pulses or signals to a portion of the animal, such as a selected muscle area, for evoking an animal response such as twitching which is readily observable externally.<br />Inventors: Bowers; David L.<br />Filed: February 19, 1981 / August 23, 1983<br /><br />United States Patent 4,601,064<br /><span id="rk83"><b id="ojoj">Communication system</b></span><br />Abstract: A communications system provides for the location or tracking of persons or objects to automatically establish two-way conversation with the person located via an associated intercom or telephone system. The locating system provides each person or object to be located with an infrared pulse transmitter which operates continuously automatically and repetitively. It requires no action on the part of the person being monitored. The system is cost effective and accurate by reason of the infrared pulse code utilized. It includes a relatively short pulse width for low power consumption, a pulse code which has error detecting bits, and use of a high pulse output power to distinguish over ambient noise. <br />Inventors: Shipley; Robert T.<br />Assignee: Fisher Berkeley Corporation (Emeryville, CA)<br />F<span id="jq0b" style="font-size:78%;">iled: October 3, 1984 / July 15, 1986<br /></span></p> <p id="i0y:1090"><span id="i0y:1091" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" ><span id="i0y:1092"><span id="i0y:1093"><span id="i0y:1094" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="i0y:1095"><span id="i0y:1096" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" ><span id="i0y:1097"><span id="i0y:1098"><span id="i0y:1099" style="color:#000000;"><br /><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="vr-8" style="font-family: tahoma;">http://www.slate.com/id/2080779/<br /><span id="lsxz"><b id="tk5e">gizmos: The latest gadgets and tech toys. It's Easy Seein' GreenNight-vision scopes make your closet the color of Baghdad., </b></span><br /></p> <p id="tluj"><span id="n3vj" style="font-family: tahoma;">by Paul Boutin, Posted Thursday, March 27, 2003, at 6:58 PM ET</span><br /><span id="d29b" style="font-family: tahoma;">Of all the military gadgets on parade on television, there's one you can bring home without spooking the neighbors into thinking you've gone postal. Night-vision scopes, once available only at defense contractor prices, can be found nowadays atWal -Mart for less than $100. The new consumer models are less powerful than the military versions, but they're more portable, too. They're also more stylish, so you won't look like that creep from Silence of the Lambs.</span><span id="vbfb" style="font-family: tahoma; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" ><span id="zjxp"><span id="cim9"><span id="kuwk" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="p:y0" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ydpy" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" ><span id="d1.:"><span id="mukk"><span id="i4.b" style="color:#000000;"><br />United States Patent 3,951,134<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="v5jo" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="tahx" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" ><span id="n_-q"><span id="b_3d"><span id="roc2" style="color:#000000;"><b id="t6xd">Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brain waves</b></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="e2kj" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="imsq" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" ><span id="qesy"><span id="ezbw"><span id="pu.r" style="color:#000000;">Inventors: Malech; Robert G. (Plainview, NY); Assignee: Dorne & Margolin Inc. (Bohemia, NY); Appl. No.: 05/494,518; Filed: August 5, 1974</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="pqom" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="jgjd" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" ><span id="hevo"><span id="yez3"><span id="d6mr" style="color:#000000;">Abstract: Apparatus for and method of sensing brain waves at a position remote from a subject whereby electromagnetic signals of different frequencies are simultaneously transmitted to the brain of the subject in which the signals interfere with one another to yield a waveform which is modulated by the subject's brain waves. The interference waveform which is representative of the brain wave activity is re-transmitted by the brain to a receiver where it is demodulated and amplified. The demodulated waveform is then displayed for visual viewing and routed to a computer for further processing and analysis. The demodulated waveform also can be used to produce a compensating signal which is transmitted back to the brain to effect a desired change in electrical activity therein. Medical science has found brain waves to be a useful barometer of organic functions. Measurements of electrical activity in the brain have been instrumental in detecting physical and psychic disorder, measuring stress, determining sleep patterns, and monitoring body metabolism. References U.S. Patent Documents Cited:</span></span></span></span></p> <div id="gkzs" style="font-family: tahoma;" align="left"> <table class="zeroBorder" classname="zeroBorder" id="atxq" border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" height="184" width="848"> <tbody id="w.pf"> <tr id="y8jh"> <td id="v4.v" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="mwuj">2860627 </p></td> <td id="ce9f" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="yc2v">November 1958 </p></td> <td id="stmx" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="nlx4">March 26, 1953</p></td> <td id="d8qk" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="i1lw">Harden et al. </p></td> <td id="i:5m" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="ilnd">Pattern Photic Stimulator</p></td></tr> <tr id="g:qh"> <td id="vlcf" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="rd:p">3096768 </p></td> <td id="nijp" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="uw-b">July 1963 </p></td> <td id="gj16" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="dz5n">May 27, 1960</p></td> <td id="j_tz" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="eciz">Griffith, Jr. </p></td> <td id="gxpt" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="byoz"><b id="xprr">Electrotherapy System</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="xvw6"> <td id="d2wp" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="cgdx">3233450 </p></td> <td id="abmc" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="v9rx">February 1966 </p></td> <td id="j.ia" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="c2w9">Nov 8, 1961</p></td> <td id="ny3q" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="sh4m">Fry </p></td> <td id="x-2c" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="y92."><b id="l:9z">Acoustic flaw Detection System</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="xyq6"> <td id="tskm" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="fla_">3483860 </p></td> <td id="jqmm" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="i85a">December 1969 </p></td> <td id="i0ey" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="jzhu">Nov 2, 1964</p></td> <td id="qrk1" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="a4ru">Namerow </p></td> <td id="iymg" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="kp2o"><b id="c.vm">Method for Monitoring Intrasomatic circulatory Functions and Organ movement</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="llf4"> <td id="ds_g" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="uclq">3495596 </p></td> <td id="kjrq" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="xfud">February 1970 </p></td> <td id="y3ex" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="npkn">Mar 23, 1965</p></td> <td id="eyjn" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="v5qp">Condict </p></td> <td id="fnbp" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="e2or"><b id="btuu">Apparatus for and Method of Processing A BioElectrical Signal</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="bog7"> <td id="igf9" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="ciac">3555529 </p></td> <td id="yym_" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="hcgk">January 1971 </p></td> <td id="zs-o" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="m9gx">Aug 16, 1967</p></td> <td id="sids" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="bwz6">Brown et al. </p></td> <td id="prds" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="nek_"><b id="e_16">Apparatus for Measuring Electric Field Radiation from Living Bodies</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="sbi1"> <td id="fsot" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="bh_d">3773049 </p></td> <td id="dxau" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="wwkb">November 1973 </p></td> <td id="ox3h" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="s2jv">Nov 13, 1970 </p></td> <td id="df9g" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="x0r6">Rabichev et al. </p></td> <td id="wowa" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="go5q"><b id="qq82">APPARATUS FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEUROPSYCHIC AND SOMATIC DISEASES WITH HEAT, <br /></b></p> <p id="csjl"><b id="y9gq">LIGHT, SOUND AND VHF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION</b></p></td></tr> <tr id="jc5w"> <td id="qjc8" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="c-ld">3796208 </p></td> <td id="yxkg" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="y:gh">March 1974 </p></td> <td id="lc95" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="h1fv">Feb 14, 1972 </p></td> <td id="wbx_" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="c8ty">Bloice </p></td> <td id="f59p" align="left" valign="top"> <p id="cm7q"><b id="zbdz">MOVEMENT MONITORING APPARATUS</b></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p id="rg4o"><span id="sx82" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="kitu" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="n3ru" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="lg_f" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="k77e"><span id="u6v6" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="cyb9" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="j8:n" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="u1.y" style="color:#000000;">http://www.current-biology.com/content/article/abstract?uid=PIIS0960982206026583</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="tx8x" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ehdp" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="alb4" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="a5vm" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="qx6:" style="color:#000000;"><b id="nb9s">Reading hidden intentions in the human brain.,</b> </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="wbl4" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="xb2j" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="mgks" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="vsds" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="f4v5" style="color:#000000;">by John-Dylan Haynes, Katsuyuki Sakai, Geraint Rees, Sam Gilbert, Chris Frith, Dick Passingham; Current Biology online, 8. Februar 2007 </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="j3bv"><span id="pcqe" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="uj9d" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="xd0c" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="htyu" style="color:#000000;">Summary: When humans are engaged in goal-related processing, activity in prefrontal cortex is increased. However, it has remained unclear whether this prefrontal activity encodes a subject's current intention . Instead, increased levels of activity could reflect preparation of motor responses, holding in mind a set of potential choices, tracking the memory of previous responses, or general processes related to establishing a new task set. Here we study subjects who freely decided which of two tasks to perform and covertly held onto an intention during a variable delay. Only after this delay did they perform the chosen task and indicate which task they had prepared. We demonstrate that during the delay, it is possible to decode from activity in medial and lateral regions ofprefrontal cortex which of two tasks the subjects were covertly intending to perform. This suggests that covert goals can be represented by distributed patterns of activity in theprefrontal cortex, thereby providing a potential neural substrate for prospective memory. During task execution, most information could be decoded from a more posterior region ofprefrontal cortex, suggesting that different brain regions encode goals during task preparation and task execution. Decoding of intentions was most robust from the medialprefrontal cortex, which is consistent with a specific role of this region when subjects reflect on their own mental states. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="mipf"><span id="bk9y" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="id2c" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ug6j" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="zyyw" style="color:#000000;"><br />http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nature06713.html</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="m76s" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="v5z4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ahzv" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="z.df" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="twib" style="color:#000000;"><b id="x28y">Identifying natural images from human brain activity., </b><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="wwmu" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="n3kw" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="d2vw" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="egfg" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ydx6" style="color:#000000;">by Kendrick N. Kay, Thomas Naselaris, Ryan J. Prenger & Jack L. Gallant; Nature 5 March 2008; doi:10.1038/nature06713 </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="qckf" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="g8yl" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="n38u" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="gwo1" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="agja" style="color:#000000;">Abstract: A challenging goal in neuroscience is to be able to read out, or decode, mental content from brain activity. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have decoded orientation, position and object category from activity in visual cortex. However, these studies typically used relatively simple stimuli (for example, gratings) or images drawn from fixed categories (for example, faces, houses), and decoding was based on previous measurements of brain activity evoked by those same stimuli or categories. To overcome these limitations, here we develop a decoding method based on quantitative receptive-field models that characterize the relationship between visual stimuli andfMRI activity in early visual areas. These models describe the tuning of individual voxels for space, orientation and spatial frequency, and are estimated directly from responses evoked by natural images. We show that these receptive-field models make it possible to identify, from a large set of completely novel natural images, which specific image was seen by an observer. Identification is not a mere consequence of theretinotopic organization of visual areas; simpler receptive-field models that describe only spatial tuning yield much poorer identification performance. Our results suggest that it may soon be possible to reconstruct a picture of a person's visual experience from measurements of brain activity alone. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="bb5c"><span id="g77g" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ofb0" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="fb-e" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="dzo4" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="awci"><span id="pnmf" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ooxk" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ku8v" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="pwus" style="color:#000000;">http://www.3sat.de/3sat.php?http://www.3sat.de/nano/bstuecke/24760/index.html</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="lohg"><span id="eyxe" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="i45n" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="egqv" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ubxh" style="color:#000000;">ie Wiener Firma<b id="pwuf"> "Digital Mankind"</b> und der Verhaltensforscher Karl Grammer präsentierten ihr neues Computerprogramm "e-motion". Es ist ein Programm, dass die Persönlichkeit eines Menschen aufgrund seiner Körperbewegungen analysieren kann. Ort der Präsentation war London. Dort geht fünf Tage lang die größte Wissenschaftsmesse Englands über die Bühne. Wer hier ausstellen darf, kann beim jungen Publikum die Weichen für die Zukunft stellen.</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="d_0v"><span id="or9n" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="oz6i" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="yva7" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ej6l" style="color:#000000;"><br />http://www.3sat.de/3sat.php?http://www.3sat.de/nano/cstuecke/79142/index.html</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="n7u7"><span id="lb2n" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="mg2_" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ge06" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="cwet" style="color:#000000;"><a class="nounderline" id="og53" name="1"><b id="ihfq">Die in hohem Maße ausgeschütteten Stress</b></a><b id="i_t6">hormone führen zu den Veränderungen der Gehirnstruktur. </b><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="pt:e"><span id="zr97" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="qduz" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="zp6o" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="d.8q" style="color:#000000;">Der Nachweis dieser Theorie gelang erst mit verfeinerten Methoden wie der Magnetenzephalographie. Dabei werden die extrem schwachen Magnetfelder gemessen, die durch das ständige Wechselspiel von elektrischer Ladung und Entladung im Gehirn entstehen. So kann man aktive Gehirnregionen sehr genau eingrenzen. Konfrontiert man die Testpersonen mit harmlosen Bildern aus dem Alltag und mischt darunter Bilder, die Angst und Schrecken auslösen, kommt es in bestimmten Gehirnregionen zu schweren Erschütterungen.</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="x6pt"><span id="lm6d" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="bp-." style="font-size:+0;"><span id="xjul" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="vx46" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="rphg"><span id="rkcl" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="t8tl" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="w_dm" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="q9km" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="c0-1" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="d4lu" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="qn77" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="xv_s" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="oweq" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="s439" style="color:#000000;"><span id="hiwk" style="font-size:85%;"><b id="b5v1">Utilization of Body Language</b></span> </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="qafx" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="pfax" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="kauh" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="xay0" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="fboz" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="firstHeading" id="tzy9" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="hfub" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="sp3q" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rgxq" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rjb6" style="color:#000000;"><b id="ui60">Body language; </b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="niyz" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="a4q1" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="mvrt" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="xx3g" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="jm1m" style="color:#000000;">Body language is a term for communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language or other communication. <b id="k0o_"><i id="jifz">It forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human communication that are not verbal language.</i></b> This includes the most subtle of movements that many people are not aware of, including <span class="mw-redirect" id="sn6b">winking</span> and slight movement of the <span class="mw-redirect" id="xk6m">eyebrows</span>. In addition body language can also incorporate the use of <span class="mw-redirect" id="yrhp">facial expressions</span>. Although they are generally not aware of it, many people send and receive non-verbal signals all the time. These signals may indicate what they are truly feeling. The technique of 'reading' people is used frequently. For example, the idea of mirroring body language to put people at ease is commonly used in interviews. It sets the person being interviewed at ease. Mirroring the body language of someone else indicates that they are understood. Body language signals may have a goal other than communication. Both people would keep this in mind. Observers limit the weight they place on non-verbal cues. Signallers clarify their signals to indicate the biological origin of their actions. </span></span></span></span></p> <ul id="p1so" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="m08a"> <p id="e:ac"><span id="y76i" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="bi_v" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="eebk" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="fwuv" style="color:#000000;">One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can also indicate that the person's arms are cold which would be clarified by rubbing the arms or huddling. When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking deeply about what is being discussed. But in a serious or confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression often indicates outright hostility. Such a person is not an ally, and may be considering contentious tactics. </span></span></span></span></p></li> </ul> <ul id="qv:4" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="xszm"> <p id="wr0c"><span id="icu8" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="vcfg" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ce4c" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="kau:" style="color:#000000;">Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to "take his eyes off" the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individualswithanxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without discomfort. Eye contact is often a secondary and misleading gesture because we are taught from an early age to make eye contact when speaking. If a person is looking at you but is making the arms-across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that something is bothering the person, and that he wants to talk about it. Or if while making direct eye contact a personisfiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere. </span></span></span></span></p></li> </ul> <ul id="yz0v" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="iowe"> <p id="kjhk"><span id="u_cb" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="u1ca" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="y0x2" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="eqih" style="color:#000000;">Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. So is eyestrain, or itchiness. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period. </span></span></span></span></p></li> </ul> <ul id="x:z4" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="dgdd"> <p id="pkr3"><span id="khh0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="js8q" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="qhqn" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="oj20" style="color:#000000;">Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener. </span></span></span></span></p></li> </ul> <ul id="xj_g" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="pdaz"> <p id="zv0k"><span id="so7l" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="g9vs" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="d6eh" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="o7e0" style="color:#000000;">Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact. </span></span></span></span></p></li> </ul> <p id="crrf" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ij_n" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ybim" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="pvd0" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="x04q" style="color:#000000;">It should be noted that some people (e.g., people with certain disabilities, or those on the autistic spectrum) use and understand body language differently, or not at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial expressions (or lack thereof) in the contextofnormal body language usually leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations (especially if body language is given priority over spoken language). It should also be stated that people fromdifferentcultures can interpret body language in different ways. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="a50n" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ag1d" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="nupp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="shkf" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="zpx_" style="color:#000000;">Personal Space as it Relates to Body Language: Generally, if you are closer than arm’s reach, than you are in some one's personal space. To create more space in crowded areas such as elevators and bars, people often tense up and use their arms as protection. They will hold them close to their body – often crossed – and will also avoid eye contact. People guard their intimate space passionately, wherever it is, and do not appreciate other's invading it. Respecting people’s intimate space involves not invading it with objects like bags or jackets, or with body parts unless they are welcomed. Intimate space is closer then 18 inches, social is at around 18 inches - 5 feet and casual (for strangers) is at 5-10 feet. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="wsi:" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="p95w" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="a3:i" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rnat" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="yukz" style="color:#000000;">Female Interest and Body Language: Women commonly display to men via sexual cues. These serve to entice men to approach them. Some of the cues to signal female interest include: the parade, echoing and mirroring, room encompassing glance, pointing, leg crossing, the pointing knee, pigeon toes, neck touching, head tilt, shoulder shrugs, rotation of the pelvis, showing wrist, skirt hike, laughing and smiling, the tap, forehead bow, eye contact, touching, childlike playfulness and proximity. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="ygef" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ff:b" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="jmxk" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="xexe" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="b:56" style="color:#000000;">The Rule of Four: The rule of four states that in order to be sure that another person is unequivocally displaying non-verbal sexual interest, four separate positive signals must be present simultaneously and they must be directed at you. A person who is simply sexually aroused might display one or a great variety of cues, but they might be generally directed toward a room and not at anyone specifically. </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="x1l_" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="e:vn" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="fsmp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ur6a" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rz6s" style="color:#000000;">References: </span></span></span></span></p> <ul id="q0ml" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="fp-h"> <p id="c46:"><span id="lrso" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="z_-9" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="c4vy" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rgdz" style="color:#000000;">Albert Mehrabian and his 7%-38%-55% Rule.</span></span></span></span></p> </li><li id="jx6-"> <p id="cre9"><span id="ep3o" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="qumm" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="uk0j" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="n36s" style="color:#000000;">Allan Pease Body Language (over 30 years of research)</span></span></span></span></p></li> </ul> <ul id="o_b2" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="n7tm"> <p id="lexk"><span id="hdez" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="mwev" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="juye" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="n5tr" style="color:#000000;">Argyle, M. (1990). Bodily communication (2nd edition). New York: International Universities Press. ISBN 0823605515</span></span></span></span></p></li> </ul> <ul id="lqxy" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="kjdg"> <p id="zpmd"><span id="q09j" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="kpqq" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="crst" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="iutm" style="color:#000000;">Livingston, Drs. Sharon and Glen (2004). How to Use Body language. Psy Tech Inc.</span></span></span></span></p></li> </ul> <span id="gty_" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="gkxa" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="yyh7" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="f1vx" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span> <p id="q5r1" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="bxwp" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="m-:d" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="cz-0" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="c0vv" style="color:#000000;">http://www.derrenbrown.co.uk<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="htei" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="mad_" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="bagu" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="dfpz" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ysdg" style="color:#000000;">http://www.channel4.com/science/microsites/M/mindcontrol<br /><b id="p8lp">Derren Brown / TRICKS OF THE MIND</b><br />Scary but hypnotic, psychological illusionist Derren Brown is back for a new six-part series. From the Oxford Union to St Pancras Station, and from Margate to the Tate, he picks pockets, reads minds – and always knows who's lying. 'If you take the time to follow me through these pages, you will discover a little about some of the basic techniques I use to achieve my effects. There will be a few tests and some video to watch, so sit back, open your mind ... and we'll begin.'</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="ck0l" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="z070" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="kf.x" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="p6el" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="k48q" style="color:#000000;"><i id="vl_3"><u id="hmyu">Some Recommended books:</u></i></span></span></span></span></p> <ul id="s39x" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <li id="ly-3"><span id="xc5a" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="pkvc" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="drzl" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="t2rt" style="color:#000000;">Peoplewatching: The Desmond Morris guide to body language by Desmond Morris (Vintage, 2002) <br />From the author of The Naked Ape, Morris takes a unique look at human body language through his keen observations. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="pkml"><span id="goig" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="rk_h" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="z7j1" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="b1.-" style="color:#000000;">I Know What You're Thinking by Lillian Glass (John Wiley & Sons, 2002) <br />An easy-to-follow, practical guide to reading people, understanding what they are really thinking and gaining insight into their personalities. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="e9j9"><span id="gpo5" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="cucp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="d2ca" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="plcd" style="color:#000000;">Reading People: Secret tips that will change your life by Jo-Ellan Dimitrius (Vermilion, 1999) <br />Teaches the reader how to tell a person's sincerity by the tone of their voice; which three character traits are most likely to predict a person's behaviour; <br />how to know if your date is interested in a serious relationship and the message you are sending with your hairstyle. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="np3y"><span id="rv3a" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="c3ja" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="l_uf" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="pabk" style="color:#000000;">Body Language: How to read others' thoughts by their gestures by Allan Pease (Sheldon Press, 1997) <br />What people say is often very different from what they think or feel. Body language is easy to pick up, and <br />can tell you if someone is lying, or how to choose a partner and make yourself likeable. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="r52p"><span id="g:.v" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="itr3" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="zorj" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="mm2n" style="color:#000000;">Amazing Face Reading: An illustrated encyclopaedia for reading faces by Mac Fulfer (Good Press, 1997) <br />The author takes this art/science out of the realm of the mysterious and into a hands-on method of learning. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="jesc"><span id="vv19" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="mr_s" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="d1n:" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ygsr" style="color:#000000;">Everybody's Guide to People Watching by Aaron Wolfgang (Intercultural Press, 1995) <br />Advice on how to sharpen basic people-watching skills, with tests and assessment tools to measure or enhance them. <br />Also explores non-verbal behaviour in cross-cultural interaction and the degree to which culture affects people watching. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="l.1z"><span id="ol04" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="hw_b" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ghzz" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="te9y" style="color:#000000;">Easily Led: A history of propaganda by Oliver Thomson (Sutton, 1999) <br />Examines the variety of propaganda techniques employed in different periods and cultures and demonstrates the extent to which <br />these have influenced the course of events over the past 5,000 years. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="ongu"><span id="wrab" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="bqqm" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rl9p" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="zdvz" style="color:#000000;">The First Honest Book about Lies by Jonni Kincher (Free Spirit Publishing, 1992) <br />Learn how to discern the truth from lies through a series of activities, games and experiments. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="jfpf"><span id="jgn7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="z0bf" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="qa4m" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ie:8" style="color:#000000;">Lies! Lies! Lies! The psychology of deceit by Charles V Ford (American Psychiatric Press, 1999) <br />Looks beyond compulsive liars in society to consider the flood of mistruths that we experience every day. Explains how we learn to lie and detect deceit as a developmental task. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="mnj6"><span id="m822" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="tpm2" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="m0ja" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="id5w" style="color:#000000;">Telling Lies by Paul Ekman (W W Norton, 2001) Describes gestures and other clues that indicate a person may be lying, <br />explains why people lie, and discusses the controversy surrounding lie detector tests. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="xa4a"><span id="ist9" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="hjfz" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="fo4i" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="vt9m" style="color:#000000;">Maximise Your Memory by Jonathan Hancock (David & Charles, 2000) <br />Detailed instructions, illustrations and sample exercises that show the reader how to build a system of personalised frameworks for storing and recalling information on demand. </span></span></span></span> </li><li id="n8m6"><span id="oo:6" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="hn62" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="d.mg" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="z0m7" style="color:#000000;">Secrets of Mind Power by Harry Lorayne (Frederick Fell, 1999) <br />Guide to proven memory techniques and methods to develop the hidden powers of the mind. </span></span></span></span></li> </ul> <div id="rqos" style="margin-left: 40px;"><span id="p-83" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="cq_c" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="xkcj" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="s::d" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div> <div id="zpko" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="vkp4"> </p></div> <p id="yq1x" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="slnc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="l67l" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rjxj" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="xakc" style="color:#000000;"><b id="o6xk">Clever Hans; </b>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />Clever Hans (in German, der Kluge Hans) was a horse that was claimed to have been able to perform arithmetic and other intellectual tasks. After formal investigation in 1907, psychologistOskar Pfungst demonstrated that the horse was not actually performing these mental tasks, but was watching the reaction of his human observers.Pfungst discovered this artifact in the research methodology, wherein the horse was responding directly to involuntary cues in the body language of the human trainer, who had the faculties to solve each problem. The trainer was entirely unaware that he was providing such cues. In honour ofPfungst's study, the anomalous artifact has since been referred to as the Clever Hans effect and has continued to be important knowledge in the observer-expectancy effect and later studies in animal cognition. The social communication systems of horses probably depend on the detection of small postural changes, and this may be why Hans so easily picked up on the cues given byvon Osten (who seems to have been entirely unaware that he was providing such cues). However, the capacity to detect such cues is not confined to horses.Pfungst proceeded to test the hypothesis that such cues would be discernible, by carrying out laboratory tests in which he played the part of the horse, and human participants sent him questions to which he gave numerical answers by tapping. He found that 90% of participants gave sufficient cues for him to get a correct answer.<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="hykk" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="nwu2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="u4q4" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="pyr9" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="zj1i" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <div id="k54y" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="cecd"><span id="v4tj" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="g1:2" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="bw87" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="qhvj" style="color:#000000;"><b id="ez9y">The 'Clever Hans' effect</b></span></span></span></span></p></div> <p id="bp64" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;" dir="ltr"><span id="ru85" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="pm0h" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="qyck" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="a756" style="color:#000000;">Pfungst made an extremely significant observation. After he had become adept at giving Hans performances himself, and fully aware of the subtle cues which made them possible, he discovered that he would produce these cues involuntarily regardless of whether he wished to exhibit or suppress them. This gives the phenomenon an importance which could hardly be exaggerated. Its recognition has had a large effect on experimental design and methodology for all experiments whatsoever involving sentient subjects (including humans). The risk of Clever Hans effects is one strong reason why comparative psychologists normally test animals in isolated apparatus, without interaction with them. However this creates problems of its own, because many of the most interesting phenomena in animal cognition are only likely to be demonstrated in a social context, and in order to train and demonstrate them, it is necessary to build up a social relationship between trainer and animal.<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="wd-t" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;" dir="ltr"><span id="xujc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="f0eu" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ecy:" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="jaha" style="color:#000000;"><br /><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="xu0-" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="y64s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="nilo" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="en9i" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="gg0q" style="color:#000000;"><b id="p_qt">Sign language;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="qqma" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="d2:2" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="vohn" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="vyuz" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="t7pu" style="color:#000000;">A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication, body language and lip patterns instead of sound to convey meaning—simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to express fluidly a speaker's thoughts. Sign languages commonly develop in deaf communities, which can include interpreters and friends and families of deaf people as well as people who are deaf or hard of hearing themselves. As is the case in spoken language, sign language differs from one region to another. However, when people using different signed languages meet, communication is significantly easier than when people of different spoken languages meet. Sign language, in this respect, gives access to an international deaf community. Sign language is however not universal, and many different sign languages exist that are mostly mutually unintelligible. </span></span></span></span></p> <div id="m_di" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="m04j"><span id="eg2-" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="xvrf" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rr:o" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="k8ur" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="froi"><span id="omjm" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="eo6y" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="b9wj" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="hsy5" style="color:#000000;"><b id="c2xk">Sign language in infants and toddlers;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="n-wp"><span id="qllt" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ds1r" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="g-ja" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="x0lm" style="color:#000000;">In the United States, teaching sign language to non-signing families to communicate with their hearing infants and toddlers was developed by LindaAcredolo, professor emeritus of psychology at the University of California, Davis, and Susan Goodwyn , professor of psychology at California State University, Stanislaus. Their research began in 1982, and produced a 1985 article in Human Development titled “Symbolic gesturing in language development: A case study.” </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="vyzl"><span id="kx7b" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="i2-x" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="t8b7" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="nccu" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p></div> <div id="hvw0"> <p id="a.-c"><span id="qmxr" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="rdlz" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="l9fj" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="cpqo" style="color:#000000;">http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/lxv587332871j3g7/<br /><b id="nsqk">Rapid facial mimicry in orangutan play.;</b><br />by Marina Davila Ross, Susanne Menzler, Elke Zimmermann, Biology Letters, Vol 4, No 1 / Feb. 23, 2008, pp. 27-30, DOI 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0535,<br /><u id="azvj">Abstract:</u> Emotional contagion enables individuals to experience emotions of others. This important empathic phenomenon is closely linked to facial mimicry, where facial displays evoke the same facial expressions in social partners. In humans, facial mimicry can be voluntary or involuntary, whereby its latter mode can be processed as rapid as within or at 1s. Thus far, studies have not provided evidence of rapid involuntary facial mimicry in animals. This study assessed whether rapid involuntary facial mimicry is present in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus; N=25) for their open-mouth faces (OMFs) during everyday dyadic play. Results clearly indicated that orangutans rapidly mimicked OMFs of their playmates within or at 1s. Our study revealed the first evidence on rapid involuntary facial mimicry in non-human mammals. This finding suggests that fundamental building blocks of positive emotional contagion and empathy that link to rapid involuntary facial mimicry in humans havehomologues in non-human primates. Keywords: orangutan, rapid facial mimicry, involuntary responses, emotional contagion, empathy <br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="n:if"><span id="e078" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ccnf" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="wtax" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="kzri" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="snnj"><span id="dh45" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="dpag" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="poj7" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="v7l4" style="color:#000000;">http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S15/62/69K40/index.xml?section=topstories</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="c16g"><span id="ayry" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="yhyw" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="evqr" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="r75m" style="color:#000000;"><b id="ow3x">First Impressions: Making Up Your Mind After a 100-Ms Exposure to a Face</b></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="r4b:"><span id="ti6t" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="y:ev" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="cgh5" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="nkoy" style="color:#000000;">Nature 448, 600-603 (2 August 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature06041;</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="pv2z"><span id="kph0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="l9ic" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="o3gu" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="m.du" style="color:#000000;">by Janine Willis and Alexander Todorov, Princeton University · Posted August 22, 2006; 02:03 p.m. News at Princeton, Tuesday, March 11, 2008</span></span></span></span></p> <p id="disw"><span id="tjzx" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="apl0" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="kb0m" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="pyor" style="color:#000000;"><a id="wq16" name="comp000040f29f2100000000041996"></a><a id="pv6u" name="comp000040f29f2100000000061996"></a><a id="w4um" name="comp000040f29f2100000000061996"></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="i9b_"><span id="nag-" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="xkc0" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="wqtp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="nxjk" style="color:#000000;"><u id="f3-y">Abstract:</u> People often draw trait inferences from the facial appearance of other people. We investigated the minimal conditions under which people make such inferences. In five experiments, each focusing on a specific trait judgment, we manipulated the exposure time of unfamiliar faces. Judgments made after a 100-ms exposure correlated highly with judgments made in the absence of time constraints, suggesting that this exposure time was sufficient for participants to form an impression. In fact, for all judgments — attractiveness,likeability , trustworthiness, competence, and aggressiveness—increased exposure time did not significantly increase the correlations. When exposure time increased from 100 to 500 ms, participants’ judgments became more negative, response times for judgments decreased, and confidence in judgments increased. When exposure time increased from 500 to 1,000 ms, trait judgments and response times did not change significantly (with one exception), but confidence increased for some of the judgments; this result suggests that additional time may simply boost confidence in judgments. However, increased exposure time led to more differentiated person impressions.<br /></span></span></span></span></p><span id="w40_" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="mswh" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="b4-7" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="cfby" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span> <p id="zad2"><span id="gq_v" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="q9jx" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="in9h" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="smwc" style="color:#000000;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokito_(gorilla) <br /><b id="ux7o">Interaction thrue bodylanguage : </b>The woman who was attacked later turned out to have been a regular visitor to the great apes' enclosure. She had a habit of touching the glass that separated her from the gorillas while making eye contact withBokito and smiling to him, a practice that is discouraged by primatologists, as apes are likely to interpret human smiling as a form of aggressive display. <br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="m82e"><span id="l:zs" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="f6qr" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="nldh" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="wy88" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p></div> <p id="tlbq" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ekjq" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="jowh" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="jkc1" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ze:q" style="color:#000000;"><b id="bgg6">Traitor tracing; </b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="skwp" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="dt14" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ule3" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="nlva" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="d0pz" style="color:#000000;">Traitor tracing is a copy prevention and leak detection system. The method is that the distributor adds a unique value to each copy given out. When a copy of it is leaked to the public, the distributor can check the value on it and trace it back to the "leaker". </span></span></span></span></p> <div id="w::." style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="nj_z"><span id="k5mx" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ayq6" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="m6vx" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="q1q4" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p></div> <p id="igjy" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="jer7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="addj" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="kw3e" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="j31v" style="color:#000000;"><b id="a1gs">Quantum Byzantine Agreement; </b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia </span></span></span></span></p> <p id="da5o" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="v2qh" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="zzma" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="zifa" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="k.1b" style="color:#000000;">Byzantine fault tolerant protocols are algorithms that are robust to arbitrary types of failures in distributed algorithms. With the advent and popularity of theinternet , there is a need to develop algorithms that do not require any centralised control that have some guarantee of always working correctly. The Byzantine Agreement protocol is an essential part of this task. In this article we describe the quantum version of the Byzantine protocol in which works in constant time. Compiler Note: Which is important in the Verifiable Secret Sharing and the detection of traitors.<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <div id="p6ok" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="ijd7"><span id="ddq_" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="ks60" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="d6yp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="rp68" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p></div> <div id="thq1" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="pb9t"><span id="opf." style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="k:5r" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="kncp" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ksth" style="color:#000000;">http://faeuat0.us.es/Adan/Carpetas/Publications/P065%20PRL100(08)070504.pdf</span></span></span></span></p></div> <div id="hnon" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="utn-"><span id="eki7" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="m8x2" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="hbn7" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="nrky" style="color:#000000;"><b id="xdmi">Experimental Demonstration of a Quantum Protocol for Byzantine Agreement and Liar Detection.;</b></span></span></span></span></p></div> <div id="x7mm" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="apn6"><span id="g.uj" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="r2sd" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="pt7q" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="w1z8" style="color:#000000;">by Sascha Gaertner, Mohamed Bourennane, Christian Kurtsiefer, Ada´n Cabello, and Harald Weinfurter; PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 22 FEB. 2008; </span></span></span></span></p></div> <div id="x0mm" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="klks"><span id="qsvv" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="stw9" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="pd7j" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="ki:0" style="color:#000000;">Abstract: We introduce a new quantum protocol for solving detectable Byzantine agreement (also called detectable broadcast) between three parties, and also for solving the detectable liar detection protocol is suggested by the properties of a four-qubit entangled state, and the classical part of the protocol is simpler than that of previous proposals. In addition, we present an experimental protocol using four-photon entanglement. problem. The implementation of the </span></span></span></span></p></div> <div id="glj2" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="llp6"><span id="nb_:" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="hwfl" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="v_0w" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="uo9o" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p></div> <p id="so:f" style="font-family: tahoma;"><span id="gcv-" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="cnpa" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="a0mn" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="i8:i" style="color:#000000;"><b id="mic_">akathisia oid ???</b><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="d3fk"><span id="cmvq" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="murm" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="qhaz" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="f.ln" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="vo69" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><span id="ge0j" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="z2e5" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="q7i-" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="q0xz" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <span id="l2qk" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="i3vk" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="s-bd" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="im:w" style="color:#000000;"><br /><br /></span></span></span></span> <p id="gsj:"><span id="lfsm" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" ><span id="aqtd" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="a38t" style="font-size:+0;"><span id="fjhl" style="color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="n3hi" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />=====================================================================================<br /><br /><br /><br />uspto.gov<br />Results of Search in US Patent Collection db for:<br />schwitzgebel: 184 patents.<br />151 4,658,357 Full-Text Time and accounting system<br />152 4,648,131 Full-Text Work helmet having transmitter-receiver for light signal<br />153 4,645,320 Full-Text Camera mount for motor vehicle<br />154 4,644,351 Full-Text Two way personal message system with extended coverage<br />155 4,615,597 Full-Text Camera mount for vehicles<br />156 4,601,064 Full-Text Communication system<br />157 4,593,273 Full-Text Out-of-range personnel monitor and alarm<br />158 4,591,836 Full-Text Battery operated panic alarm wrist watch<br />159 4,587,516 Full-Text Personal security alarm<br />160 4,549,264 Full-Text Time and accounting system<br />161 D278,129 Full-Text Novelty clock<br />162 4,480,253 Full-Text Wrist watch weather radio<br />163 4,476,469 Full-Text Means for assisting in locating an object<br />164 4,420,238 Full-Text Apparatus for enabling concealing surveillance by use of a camera in a vehicle<br />165 4,399,821 Full-Text Free moving animal physiological monitoring and identification system and method<br />166 4,275,385 Full-Text Infrared personnel locator system<br />167 4,272,969 Full-Text Method for refrigerating fresh products and keeping them fresh, as well as refrigerator for carrying out this method<br />168 4,225,953 Full-Text Personnel locator<br />169 4,203,595 Full-Text Baseball fielders signaling apparatus<br />170 4,178,916 Full-Text Diabetic insulin alarm system<br />171 4,095,214 Full-Text Electronic monitoring system and responder device<br />172 D244,472 Full-Text Hand held radio transceiver<br />173 3,983,483 Full-Text Communications device arranged to be worn in intimate contact with the body of a user<br />174 3,973,200 Full-Text Process for acknowledging calls in a system for wireless staff locators<br />175 3,961,323 Full-Text Cargo monitor apparatus and method<br />176 3,952,352 Full-Text Electronic stroke effectiveness sensor for competitive swimmers<br />177 3,942,176 Full-Text Ultrasonic alarm system<br />178 3,811,012 Full-Text REMOTE TELEPHONE CALLING SYSTEM<br />179 3,739,329 Full-Text ELECTRONIC SYSTEM FOR LOCATING<br />180 3,690,309 Full-Text RADIOCAPSULE FOR REGISTERING IONIZING RADIATION IN THE CAVITIES OF HUMAN BODIES<br />181 3,609,741 Full-Text PREVENTION OF UNAUTHORIZED MOVEMENT OF ARTICLES BETWEEN PREDETERMINED AREAS<br />182 3,573,620 Full-Text SECURITY SYSTEM WITH INDUCTIVE TO RF COMMUNICATIONS LINKS<br />183 3,515,472 Full-Page Image 352/132 346/107.2 352/242 396/419<br />184 3,478,344 Full-Page Image 340/7.63 128/903 340/313 340/539.1 340/539.11 455/575.6<br /><br />===================================================================================<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Results of Search in US Patent Collection db for:<br />"Hearing device": 421 patents.<br />401 4,133,984 Full-Text Plug-type hearing device<br />402 4,110,583 Full-Text Earphone construction<br />403 4,063,048 Full-Text Implantable electronic hearing aid<br />404 3,989,904 Full-Text Method and apparatus for setting an aural prosthesis to provide specific auditory deficiency corrections<br />405 3,952,158 Full-Text Ear protection and hearing device<br />406 3,882,285 Full-Text Implantable hearing aid and method of improving hearing<br />407 3,875,349 Full-Text Hearing aid<br />408 3,844,271 Full-Text METHOD OF INSTALLING A HEARING AID<br />409 3,828,142 Full-Text ELECTRICAL HEARING AID<br />410 3,732,382 Full-Text HEARING AID EAR PIECE<br />411 3,621,150 Full-Text SPEECH PROCESSOR FOR CHANGING VOICE PITCH<br />412 2,288,668 Full-Page Image 181/130<br />413 2,239,550 Full-Page Image 381/326 310/333 381/162 381/190 381/378 381/380<br />414 2,206,807 Full-Page Image 181/129<br /><br />415 2,168,781 Full-Page Image 381/381 224/181 24/3.3 248/688 351/119 351/158<br />416 2,127,468 Full-Page Image 381/151 181/400 340/407.1 381/326 381/380 381/400 381/417<br />417 1,910,875 Full-Page Image 381/385<br />418 1,884,638 Full-Page Image 181/129<br />419 1,824,427 Full-Page Image 181/130<br />420 1,737,430 Full-Page Image 381/328 381/312<br />421 1,536,109 Full-Page Image 181/129<br /><br /><br />===================================================================<br /><br />=========<br />brain imaging<br />=========<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Results of Search in US Patent Collection db for:<br />"brain imaging": 510 patents.<br />501 4,387,087 Full-Text Cationic lipophilic complexes of .sup.99m Tc and their use for myocardial and hepatobiliary imaging<br />502 4,364,920 Full-Text Stable diagnostic reagents<br />503 4,363,793 Full-Text Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals for localization in target tissues exhibiting a regional pH shift relative to surrounding tissues<br />504 4,360,511 Full-Text Amines useful as brain imaging agents<br />505 4,352,018 Full-Text Apparatus for performing positron emission computed tomography<br />506 4,284,619 Full-Text Esters useful as brain imaging agents<br />507 4,279,887 Full-Text Amides useful as brain imaging agents<br />508 4,233,285 Full-Text Mercaptocarboxylic acid radiopharmaceuticals<br />509 3,889,226 Full-Text Scanned holography by sector scanning<br />510 3,714,429 Full-Text TOMOGRAPHIC RADIOISOTOPIC IMAGING WITH A SCINTILLATION CAMERA<br /><br /><br /><br />U.S. Patent Documents<br />3576554 April 1971 Temps et al.<br />2975354 March 1961 Rosen<br />3453546 July 1969 Fryer<br />3478344 November 1969 Schwitzgebel et al.<br />3427454 February 1969 Webb<br />3487239 December 1969 Schafft<br />3562792 February 1971 Berlincourt et al.<br />3562563 February 1971 Schafft<br />3518573 June 1970 Smith<br />Foreign Patent Documents<br /> 244402 Apr., 1963 AU<br />Other References<br />Intern. Conference Medical Electronics, 1959, pp. 300-306.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />==========================================================================================<br /><br />United States Patent 3,048,698<br />SCINTILLATION CAMERA<br />Roland W. Carlson<br />Filed: March 11. 1959 / August 7, 1962<br /><br />United States Patent 3462601<br />Gamma Ray, X Ray Converter Utillizing a SCINTILLATION CAMERA system<br />EJ Sternglass<br />Filed: Oct 14, 1965 / Aug 19, 1969<br /><br />Results of Search in US Patent Collection db for:<br />"scintillation camera": 784 patents.<br />751 3,777,148 Full-Text COLLIMATOR<br />752 3,769,967 Full-Text PULMONARY INHALATION DEVICE<br />753 3,769,509 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CAMERA<br />754 3,758,780 Full-Text OPTICAL-BINARY CODED POSITION-SENSITIVE RADIATION DETECTOR<br />755 3,752,982 Full-Text TOMOGRAPHIC SCINTILLATION CAMERA WITH IMPROVED RESOLUTION<br />756 3,752,981 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CAMERA WITH IMPROVED RESOLUTION<br />757 3,749,913 Full-Text RENAL SCANNING COMPOSITION AND METHOD USING TECHNETIUM 99M<br />758 3,745,359 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CRYSTAL WITH REFLECTION INHIBITING MATERIAL AND SCINTILLATION DEVICE EMBODYING THE CRYSTAL<br />759 3,745,345 Full-Text RADIATION IMAGING DEVICE<br />760 3,742,988 Full-Text APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DISSOLVING SOLUBLE GAS IN A LIQUID<br />761 3,732,419 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CAMERA WITH IMPROVED RESOLUTION<br />762 3,723,735 Full-Text RADIATION DETECTING APPARATUS<br />763 3,718,833 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CAMERA SYSTEM<br />764 3,717,763 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CAMERA DEVICE<br />765 3,714,429 Full-Text TOMOGRAPHIC RADIOISOTOPIC IMAGING WITH A SCINTILLATION CAMERA<br />766 3,697,956 Full-Text COMPUTER SYSTEM AND COLOR ADAPTER FOR IMAGING DETECTORS AND METHOD OF OPERATION<br />767 3,697,753 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CAMERA HAVING A VARIABLE GAIN PLURAL AMPLIFIER SYSTEM<br />768 3,693,178 Full-Text COLORSCANNER<br />769 3,691,545 Full-Text DIRECT DATA STORAGE SYSTEM FOR SCINTILLATION CAMERA<br />770 3,691,379 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CAMERA DEVICE<br />771 3,688,113 Full-Text TOMOGRAPHIC RADIATION SENSITIVE DEVICE<br />772 3,684,886 Full-Text TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING DEVICE USING A ROTATING SLANTED MULTICHANNEL COLLIMATOR<br />773 3,683,185 Full-Text RADIATION IMAGING APPARATUS<br />774 3,683,180 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CAMERA WITH REMOVABLE SUBASSEMBLY<br />775 3,668,396 Full-Text TELEVISION TYPE NUCLEAR RADIATION CAMERA SYSTEM<br />776 3,668,395 Full-Text SCINTILLATION CAMERA HAVING IMPROVED PERIPHERAL RESPONSE<br />777 3,666,955 Full-Text AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR RADIOACTIVE REGIONAL VENTILATION STUDIES<br />778 3,659,103 Full-Text RADIATION SCANNING DEVICE FOR DETECTING A PLURALITY OF DIFFERENT RADIATING SOURCES POSITIONED IN DIFFERENT PLANES<br />779 3,655,974 Full-Text ANALOG WINDOW APPARATUS FOR SIGNALLING WHETHER A DATA POINT REPRESENTED BY A PAIR OF COORDINATE SIGNALS IS WITHIN ASELECTABLY SHAPED REGION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPACE <br />780 3,633,478 Full-Text PHOTOGRAPHIC METHOD AND APPARATUS UTILIZING A DIRECT-VIEW-TYPE STORAGE TUBE<br />781 3,631,244 Full-Text TOMOGRAPHIC RADIATION CAMERA WITH MECHANICAL READOUT<br />782 3,612,865 Full-Text TOMOGRAPHIC RADIATION CAMERA<br />783 3,462,601 Full-Page Image 250/336.1 250/214VT 250/369<br />784 3,048,698 Full-Page Image 250/369 250/367 250/486.1 264/1.28<br /><br /><br /></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-61888677701155991412008-07-16T19:19:00.003+02:002008-07-16T19:40:41.944+02:003B Mind Control Pioneers<span id="wn5l" style="font-size:85%;"><b id="y_97"> 3B Mind Control Pioneers</b></span><br /><p id="s9ir" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p<br />id="v70g" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="yrw9"<br />style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="otk6"<br />style="font-family:<br />tahoma;">http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/article/suppl/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.061206.133100?file=SupplementalApendix.pdf&cookieSet=1<br /><b id="gok6">A Brief Summary of the History of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation;</b><br />by Alvaro Pascual-Leone and Timothy Wagner; Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Boston, USA<br /></p> <p id="dd2y" style="font-family:tahoma;">In 43 AD, Scribonious Largus, a court physician to the Roman emperor Claudius, recorded in his book ‘Compositiones Medicamentorum’, a most detailed collection of<br />drug compounds or recipes in use by physicians at that time. Among these he mentions the use of electrical currents to treat headaches and gout by applying electric torpedo fish to the affected regions or by placing painful extremities into a pool of water containing torpedo fish. The resulting electrical shocks presumably stunned the peripheral skin receptors, or affected spinal or brain structures inducing an immediate and residual numbness in the extremity and an associated transient period of pain relief. In this application electrical torpedo fish were a very early means oftranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for therapeutic purposes. This form of treatment reportedly became particularly popular for the treatment of gouty arthritis. In the late 18th century, Luigi Galvani began laying the foundations for modern electrophysiology and bioelectric theory with his famous “animal electricity” experiments and the invention of the voltaic cell. While many people consider Galvani the father of modernelectrophysiology , French physician Charles Le Roy actually began experimenting with the use of electricity to influence physiological function in <span id="m41-"><b id="z..-"><i id="yu1b">1755</i></b></span>.<br /><br /></p> <p id="j-mr" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="d3ot">From Skews Me, Brain Implants;</b> http://www.skewsme.com/implants.html<br /></p><br /><p id="goum" style="font-family:tahoma;">In <span<br />id="e6om"><b id="q8z4"><i<br />id="veq.">1870</i></b></span>,two German researchers named [Eduard] Hitzig and [Gustav] Fritsch electrically stimulated the brains of dogs, demonstrating that certain portions of the brain were the centers of motor function. The American Dr. RobertBartholow, within four years, demonstrated that the same was true of human beings. By the turn of the [twentieth] century in Germany Fedor Krause was able to do a systematic electrical mapping of the human brain, using conscious patients undergoing brain surgery [Morgan, James P., “The First Reported Case of Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain,” Journal of History of Medicine at http://www3.oup.co.uk/jalsci/scope/; Zimmerman, M., “Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain,” Human Neurobiology, 1982]. <br /></p><br /><p id="l8ig" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p<br />id="c4wt" style="font-family: tahoma;"><a id="odfd"<br />href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/l230867105183973/fulltext.pdf"<br />target="_blank"><span id="p:hw" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;"<br />>http://www.springerlink.com/content/l230867105183973/fulltext.pdf</span></a><br /><span<br />id="kufe" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span id="a.3y"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="ia4u"<br />style="font-size:85%;"><b id="e-0t">Lapicque’s </b><b id="myms"><i id="zn4u">1907</i></b><b id="c:4e"> paper: from frogs to integrate-and-fire</b>,<br />by N Brunel M.C.W. van Rossum, Biological Cybernetics 4 Oct. 2007, DOI 10.1007/s00422-007-0190-0<br />Abstract: Exactly 100 years ago, Louis Lapicque published a paper on the excitability of nerves that is often cited in the context of integrate-and-fire<br />neurons.</span></span></span></p> <p<br />id="cif-"><span id="j-tw" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><span id="p80f" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="jm2:" style="font-size:85%;"><span<br />class="postbody" id="d3e1">Wediscuss Lapicque’s contributions along with a translation of the original publication. </span> <br /></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="nxef" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p<br />id="mcm0" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="dgvt"<br />style="font-size:85%;"><b<br />id="zmr7">1930:</b></span><br /></p> <p id="qsk3" style="font-family:tahoma;">Another early researcher into electrical stimulation of the brain was Walter Rudolf Hess, who began research into ESB in the <span id="jvwu"><b id="tyh7"><i id="v73h">1930s</i></b></span>, jolting patients’ brains with shocks administered through tiny needles that pierced the skull. His experiments [also] included the insertion of fine electrically conductive wires into the brains ofanaesthetized cats. To noone’s great surprise, given mild electrical stimulation the cats went beserk [Vance Packard, The People Shapers (New York: Bantam Books, 1977); “Hess, Walter Rudolf,” Encyclopedia Americana (New York: Harper & Row, 1969); “Hess, Walter Rudolph,” Funk &Wagnalls New Encyclopedia (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Inc., 1973)].<br /></p><br /><p id="lnxy" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p<br />id="kzck" style="font-family: tahoma;"><a id="em-n"<br />href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/79/2048/299"<br />target="_blank"><span id="inf7" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;"<br />>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/79/2048/299</span></a><br /><span<br />id="fo3c" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span id="zzev"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="f-0g"<br />style="font-size:85%;"><b id="sypc">Electrical excitation of the nervous system—introducing a new principle: remote control.</b>,<br />by Light RU, Chaffee EL., Science 30 mar. <span id="pl4h"><b id="vjuc"><i id="bi9l">1934</i></b></span>;79: pp. 299–300.<br />DOI: 10.1126/science.79.2048.299</span><br /></span></span><br /><span id="t-j2" style="font-size:85%;"><b id="aa2:">1940:</b></span><br /></p> <p id="f0q4" style="font-family:tahoma;">During the decades of the <span id="asqf"><b id="a0_1"><i id="gk88">1940s</i></b></span> and <span id="s2-2"><b id="v5wk"><i id="pdeb">1950s</i></b></span>, Wilder Penfield…experimented with electrical brain stimulation on patients undergoing surgery. One of Penfield’s discoveries was that the application of electricity on alert patients could stimulate the memory of past events [Project Open Mind] (full pic, video). </p> <p id="f.iy" style="font-family: tahoma;"><br /></p> <p id="p1vf" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="ikks">Severed Head Lives "Shocking" </b> http://nl.youtube.com/watch?=cEcUTMpyRLY </p> <p id="ehxm">In the early <span id="h2:e"><b id="tgrv"><i id="k9nq">1940s</i></b></span>, Soviet scientists experimented severed heads and bringing life back to dead bodies of animals.</p> <p id="rg:t" style="font-family: tahoma;">Russian Experiment: Decapitated dog head kept alive http://youtube.com/watch?=oHLNmw0vHm4 </p> <p id="vfd6" style="font-family: tahoma;">Experiments in the Revival of Organisms (1940) Part 1 http://youtube.com/watch?=WfIUnIpSbQI&feature=related </p> <p id="t4x3" style="font-family: tahoma;">Experiments in the Revival of Organisms (1940) Part 2 http://youtube.com/watch?=KSYOD1_JPw4&feature=related </p> <p id="u0z.">Dogs Head Revived http://youtube.com/watch?=k5yRan-aIyc</p> <p id="vmzu" style="font-family: tahoma;">This film is shown through the courtesy of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship and is distributed through the American-Soviet Medical Society in New York. </p> <p id="fszr" style="font-family:tahoma;">SOVIET FILM AGENCY presents EXPERIMENTS IN THE REVIVAL OF ORGANISMS; Research in the Revival of Animal Organisms by means of an Artificial Blood Circulation System carried out at the institute of Experimental Physiology and Therapy. USSR. Scenario and Scientific Supervision Doctor of Medical Science S.S.Bryukhonenko; Direction D.I. Yashin; Photography E.V. Kashina; Animation T.D. Tikhomirova;Production TECHFILM STUDIO, MOSCOW, <span id="meye"><b id="eoyt"><i id="bpf2">1940</i></b></span>; Introduced by Professor J.B.S. Haldane, F.R.S. </p> <p id="lglc" style="font-family: tahoma;">FROM THE REVIVAL OF SEPARATE ORGANS TO THE REVIVAL OF A WHOLE ORGANISM </p> <p id="xja6" style="font-family: tahoma;">A Russian USSR experiment, showing a decapitated dog's head being kept alive by pumping oxygenated blood to the head. Dog clearly reacts to external stimuli. Experiment in the revival of organs. Project show that with adequate external technology: lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, stomachet al can be replaced.<br /></p> <p id="yjiz" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p><br /><p id="ur5-" style="font-family: tahoma;"><a id="g_4_"<br />href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=17816859"<br />target="_blank"><span id="c6o1" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;"<br />>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=17816859</span></a><br /><a<br />id="b-:t" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/110/2849/140"<br />target="_blank"><span id="yc7y" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;"<br />>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/110/2849/140</span></a><br /><span<br />id="h_ne" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span id="lqx9"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="oycv"<br />style="font-size:85%;"><b id="cm0v">Atechnique for chronic remote nerve stimulation.</b>, <br />by Lafferty JM, Farrell JJ., Science 5 aug. <span id="mufe"><b id="sfi3"><i id="j4li">1949</i></b></span>;110: pp. 140–141<br />DOI: 10.1126/science.110.2849.140.</span><br /></span></span><br /></p><br /><p id="afzi" align="left" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span<br />id="w1yt" style="font-size:85%;"><b id="kwa7">1950:<br /></b></span><br /></p> <p id="e4j3" style="font-family: tahoma;" align="left"><b id="jz6t">Robert G. Heath and Dr. Russell Moore,</b><br /></p> <p id="of8b" style="font-family: tahoma;">funded largely by the U.S. military and the CIA, experiment with mind manipulation by inserting up to 125 electrodes into subjects’ brains (alongside drugs such as LSD). </p> <p id="khcc" style="font-family: tahoma;">Heath also suggests that lobotomies be performed on patients, not for therapeutic reasons, but for the convenience of the hospital staff. </p> <p id="qdln" style="font-family: tahoma;" align="left"><br /></p> <p id="q-ov" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="k9ox">Robert Galbraith Heath;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia </p> <div id="bodyContent" style="font-family: tahoma;"> <p id="x_l3">Dr. Robert Galbraith Heath (1915 - 24 September 1999) was an American psychiatrist. He followed the theory of biological psychiatry that organic defects were the sole source of mental illness, and that consequently mental problems were treatable by physical means. Heath founded the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at Tulane University, New Orleans, in 1949 and remained its Chairman until 1980 He performed many experiments there involving electrical stimulation of the brain via surgically implanted electrodes. This work was partially financed by the CIA and the US military. One of his collaborators was the Australian psychiatrist Harry Bailey, who later reminisced that they had used African Americans as subjects "because they were everywhere and cheap experimental animals". Heath also experimented with the drugbulbocapnine to induce stupor, using prisoners in the Louisiana State Penitentiary as experimental subjects. He later worked on schizophrenia, which he regarded as an illness with a physical basis.<br /></p> <p id="imjd">Notes: </p> <ul id="b2y0"><li id="wx-i"> <p id="n31c">Heath, R.G. (1961) Reappraisal of biological aspects of psychiatry. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 3: 1-11. </p> </li><li id="gzq3"> <p id="z5t3">In Memoriam: Robert Galbraith Heath, MD, DMSci (1915–1999). Neurology 54(2): 286. </p> </li><li id="h2e4"> <p id="xebz">Heath, R.G. (1963) Electrical self-stimulation of the brain in man. American Journal of Psychiatry 120: 571-577. </p> </li><li id="jqwr"> <p id="zq9d">Moan, C.E., & Heath, R.G. (1972) Septal stimulation for the initiation of heterosexual activity in a homosexual male. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 3: 23-30. </p> </li><li id="f1tu"> <p id="ytfi">http://www.wireheading.com/robert-heath.html Robert Heath at Wireheading</p> </li><li id="b2wf"> <p id="lu8s">Slattery, J.P. (1990) Report of the Royal Commission into Deep Sleep Therapy. New South Wales Parliamentary Paper 304/1990-1991 ISBN 0724087664</p> </li><li id="pp7g"> <p id="q35y">Scheflin, A.W. & Opton, E.M. (1978) The Mind Manipulators: a non-fiction account. (Paddington Press: New York) ISBN 0448229773 pp. 314-315.</p> </li><li id="b0jb"> <p id="e8jq">Heath, R.G. (1967) Schizophrenia: pathogenetic theories. International Journal of Psychiatry 3(5): 407-10.</p></li></ul> <p id="o0-2"><br /><span id="vgx4" style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p></div><br /><p id="ks56" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="t8dl"<br />style="font-size:85%;"><b<br />id="mjxh">1953:</b></span></p> <p id="lmc2"<br />style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="saub">John Lilly, </b>of the National Institute of Mental Health, discovers that he can simulate a variety of emotions by placing electrodes inside a monkey’s brain. (A male monkey, for example, when given a switch to prompt orgasm, pushes the button approximately every three minutes.) Lilly's work draws theCIA’s attention and is later described in John Marks's The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control (1979) and George Andrews's MKULTRA: The CIA's Top Secret Program in Human Experimentation and Behavior Modification (2001). [The Atlantic]<br /></p> <p id="o6sw" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p><br /><p id="ya8x" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="sa0r">John C. Lilly; </b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />John Cunningham Lilly (January 6, 1915 – September 30, 2001) was an American physician, psychoanalyst and writer. He was a pioneer researcher into the nature of consciousness using as his principal tools the isolation tank, dolphin communication and psychedelic drugs, sometimes in combination. Lilly was a qualified physician and psychoanalyst. He made contributions in the fields of biophysics, neurophysiology, electronics, computer science, andneuroanatomy. He invented and promoted the use of the isolation tank as a means of sensory deprivation. He was also a pioneer in attempting interspecies communication between humans and dolphins. After the war he trained in psychoanalysis and at the University of Pennsylvania where he began researching the physical structures of the brain and of its consciousness. In <span id="e8i-"><b id="zxez"><i id="uh7a">1951</i></b></span> he published a paper showing how he could display patterns of brain electrical activity on a cathode ray display screen using electrodes he specially devised for insertion into a living brain. In <span id="ze2r"><b id="ac_i"><i id="w9ud">1953</i></b></span>, he took a post studying neurophysiology with the US Public Health Service Commissioned Officers Corps. In <span id="qq1y"><b id="o2t9"><i id="u1l7">1954</i></b></span>, following the desire to strip away outside stimuli from the mind/brain, he devised the first isolation tank, a dark soundproof tank of warm salt water in which subjects could float for long periods in sensory isolation. Dr. Lilly himself and a research colleague were the first to act as subjects in this research. His quest next took him to ask questions about the minds of other large-brained mammals and in the late <span id="yorc"><b id="h7:x"><i id="wfmm">1950s</i></b></span> he established a centre devoted to fostering human-dolphin<br />communication; the Communication Research Institute on St. Thomas in<br />the Virgin Islands. In the early <span id="c9y-"><b<br />id="cdpr"><i id="u.3g">1960s</i></b></span>,<br />Dr. Lilly and co-workers published several papers reporting that<br />dolphins could mimic human speech patterns. Subsequent investigations<br />of dolphin cognition have generally, however, found it difficult to<br />replicate his results. </p> <p id="irbe" style="font-family:<br />tahoma;">Exploration of human consciousness: In the early sixties he<br />was introduced to psychedelics like LSD and ketamine and began a series<br />of experiments in which he took the psychedelic in an isolation tank<br />and/or in the company of dolphins. These events are described in his<br />books </p> <div id="xi8m" style="font-family: tahoma;"><br /><ul id="l2zh"><li id="luy6"> <p id="gml_">Programming<br />and Metaprogramming in the Human Biocomputer: Theory and Experiments<br />and </p> </li><li id="co7v"> <p id="sw2c">The<br />Centre of the Cyclone, both published in<br />1972.</p></li></ul> <p id="w8b:"><br /></p></div><br /><div id="pnwf" style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"><br /><p id="woef"><b id="fig.">In the 1980s he led a project<br />which attempted to teach dolphins a computer-synthesised<br />language.</b></p></div> <p id="eyt6"<br />style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;">Dr. Lilly laid out<br />the design for a future "communications laboratory" that would be a<br />floating living room where humans and dolphins could chat as equals and<br />where they would find a common language. He envisioned a time when all<br />killing of whales and dolphins would cease, "not from a law being<br />passed, but from each human understanding innately that these are<br />ancient, sentient earth residents, with tremendous intelligence and<br />enormous life force. Not someone to kill, but someone to learn from."<br />In the 1990s Lilly moved to the island of Maui in Hawaii, where he<br />lived most of the remainder of his life. His websitejohnclilly.com was<br />designed during this time by the New York based graphic artist, BigTwin<br />. His literary rights and scientific discoveries were housed within<br />Human Software, Inc., while his philanthropic endeavors were channelled<br />through the Human Dolphin Foundation. His legacy continues through the<br />John C. Lilly Research Institute, Inc.<br />Solid State Intelligence;<br />Solid State Intelligence is a malevolent entity described by John C.<br />Lilly. </p> <p id="ge5t" style="margin-left: 40px;<br />font-family: tahoma;">Cultural references: Lilly's work,<br />particularly his development of the sensory deprivation tank, is<br />referenced explicitly or implicitly in numerous film, music and<br />television productions. Lilly's work inspired two films made without<br />his direct involvement, </p> <ul id="g1li"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"> <ul id="z.r2"><li<br />id="z3s4"> <div id="x.jj" style="margin-left: 40px;"> <p<br />id="s9w6">The Day of the Dolphin, in <span id="bq2l"><b<br />id="ka4t"><i id="ot9y">1973</i></b></span>,<br />in which the US Navy turns the animals into weapons,<br />and</p></div> </li><li id="wu_l"> <div<br />id="cq.:" style="margin-left: 40px;"> <p id="l384">Altered<br />States, in 1980, in which scientists combining drugs and isolation<br />tanks see reality dangerously<br />unravel.</p></div></li></ul> </ul> <p<br />id="z:xu0"><br /><span id="v.4v0" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <h1 class="firstHeading"<br />id="z:xu1"><span id="j1vo0"<br />style="font-size:78%;">Event-related potential / Evoked potential;<br />From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span><span<br />id="v.4v1"><br /><span id="j1vo1"<br />style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">An<br />event-related potential (ERP) is any stereotyped electrophysiological<br />response to an </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"<br />id="tbad0">internal or external stimulus. More simply, it is any<br />measured brain response that is directly the result of a thought or<br />perception...ERPs can be reliably measured using electroencephalography<br />(EEG </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">), a<br />procedure that measures electrical activity of </span><span<br />id="h0e10">the brain through the skull and scalp. As the EEG<br />reflects thousands of simultaneously ongoing brain processes, the brain<br />response to a certain stimulus or event of interest is usually not<br />visible in the EEG. One of the most robust features of theERP response<br />is a response to unpredictable stimuli. This response-known as the P300<br />(or simply "P3")-manifests as a positive deflection in voltage<br />approximately 300 milliseconds after the stimulus is presented... While<br />evoked potentials reflect the processing of the physical stimulus,<br />event-related potentials are caused by the "higher" processes, that<br />might involve memory, expectation, attention, or changes in the<br />mental</span></span></span> <span id="v.4v2"<br />style="font-size:78%;"><span id="icw_0"><span<br />id="tbad1"><span id="tt3b0"><span id="g1880">state,<br />among others.... Though some ERP components are referred to with<br />acronyms (e.g., left anterior negativity - LAN), most components are<br />referred to by a preceding letter indicating polarity followed by the<br />typical latency in milliseconds. Thus, the N400ERP component is<br />described as a negative voltage deflection occurring approximately<br />400ms after stimulus onset, whereas the P600 component describes a<br />positive voltage deflection 600ms after stimulus onset. The stated<br />latencies forERP components are <span id="wqq40"<br />style="font-family:Tahoma;">often quite variable; for example, the<br />N400 component may exhibit a latency between 300ms - 500ms....<br />Experimental psychologists and</span></span><span<br />id="wqq41" style="font-family:Tahoma;"> neuroscientists have<br />discovered many different stimuli, which elicit reliable EEG ERPs from<br />participants. The timing of these responses is thought to provide a<br />measure of the timing of the brain's communication or time of<br />information processing. For example, in the checkerboard paradigm<br />described above, in healthy participants the first response of the<br />visual cortex is around 50-70msec. This would seem to indicate that<br />this is the amount of time it takes for the transduced visual stimulus<br />to reach the cortex after light first enters<br /></span></span><span id="wqq42"<br />style="font-family:Tahoma;"> the eye. Alternatively, the P300<br />response occurs at around 300ms regardless of the stimulus presented:<br />visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. Because of this<br />general invariance in regard to stimulus type, thisERP is understood to<br />reflect a higher cognitive response to unexpected and/or cognitively<br />salient stimuli. Due to the consistency of the P300 response to novel<br />stimuli, a brain-computer interface can be constructed which relies on<br />it. By arranging many signals in a grid, randomly flashing the rows of<br />the grid as in the previous paradigm, and observing the P300 responses<br />of a subject staring at the grid, the subject may<br />communicate</span></span><span id="wqq43"<br />style="font-family:Tahoma;"> which stimulus he is looking at, and<br />thus slowly "type" words.... Sensory evoked potentials (SEP) are<br />recorded from the central nervous system following stimulation of sense<br />organs (for example, visual evoked potentials elicited by a flashing<br />light or changing pattern on a monitor; auditory evoked potentials by a<br />click or tone stimulus presented through earphones) or by tactile<br />orsomatosensory evoked potential (SSEP ) elicited by tactile or<br />electrical stimulation of a sensory or mixed nerve in the periphery.<br />They have been widely used in clinical diagnostic</span> medicine<br />since the 1970s, and also in intraoperative neurophysiology monitoring<br />(IONM), also known as surgical neurophysiology. There are three kinds<br />of evoked potentials in widespread clinical use since the 1970s:<br />auditory evoked potentials, usually recorded from the scalp but<br />originating atbrainstem level (ABR, BAER, BSER, BAEP, BSEP); visual<br />evoked potentials, and somatosensory evoked potentials, which are<br />elicited by electrical st </span>imulation of peripheral<br />nerve...</span></h1> <p id="z:xu3"><span<br />id="v.4v3" style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p<br />id="fq1315"><span id="v.4v4" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p id="fq1317"><br /></p> <p<br />id="ouv_" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="q9-n"><b<br />id="nvws">Psychosurgery of older people</b></span>, by<br />J.L. Poole, Journal of Geriatr Assoc 2 (<span id="y00_"><b<br />id="ksf2"><i id="xd73">1954</i></b></span>),<br />pp. 456–465. </p> <p id="p:os" style="font-family:<br />tahoma;"> </p> <p id="s-2y" style="font-family:<br />tahoma;"><a id="r46y"<br />href="http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ecs/articles/s00466/frame.html"<br />target="_blank">http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ecs/articles/s00466/frame.html</a><br /><span<br />id="emdd"><b id="q15v">Positive reinfrocement produced by<br />electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat<br />brain.,</b></span><br />by Olds J, Milner PM., J Comp Physiol<br />Psychol <span id="w0.1"><b id="jef9"><i<br />id="uycs">1954</i></b></span>;47: pp. 419–27.<br /></p><br /><p id="uye_" style="font-family: tahoma;"><b id="wq5-"><br /></b></p> <span id="niab"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><b id="kwjc">Apparatus for chronic<br />stimulation of the brain of the rat by radiofrequency<br />transmission.,</b></span><br /><span id="pkx."<br />style="font-family:tahoma;">by Greer MA, Riggle GC.,<br />Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol <span id="gofv"><b<br />id="l7:d"><i<br />id="stbk">1957</i></b></span>;9: pp.<br />151–5.</span><span id="i0y:113"<br />style=";font-family:tahoma;font-size:85%;" ><br /></span> <p id="i0y:114"><span id="c9-4" style="font-size:85%;"><b id="ezma"><br /></b></span></p> <p id="i0y:115"><span id="i0y:116" style="font-size:85%;"><b id="i0y:117"><br />1960:</b></span></p><br /><p id="mtpk"><span class="postbody" id="s8l1"><span<br />id="fu-:" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span<br />id="a6n_" style="font-size:85%;"><b id="paxk">Remote brain<br />stimulation and relationships between parameters of stimulation and<br />learning.</b>,<br />by JA. Gengerelli, In: Sheer DE, editor.<br />Electrical stimulation of the brain. University of Texas Press: Austin;<br /><u id="ct.7">1961</u>. pp. 155–64.</span><br /></span></span></p><br /><p id="imb5"> </p> <p id="vqeo"><span<br />class="postbody" id="dxzi"><span id="z.gt"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a id="isoi"<br />href="http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/teopsi/Bibliography.html"<br />target="_blank"><span id="kp6o" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;"<br />>http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/teopsi/Bibliography.html</span></a><span<br />id="b2:-" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:85%;" > (no.:112)<br /><b id="yfl6">Biologicheskaya Radiosvyas</b> (Biological Radio),<br />by<br />Bernard Bernardovich Kazhinsky, Ukranian Academy of Sciences, Kivz,<br /><u id="nrh6">1962</u> [in Russian]</span><br /></span></span></p> <span class="postbody"<br />id="q5vp"> <p id="scf3"><span class="postbody"<br />id="fblx"><span id="gn6g" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="a_0t" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;"<br />>http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0415676<br /><b id="q40.">BIOLOGICAL RADIO COMMUNICATIONS</b>,<br />Corporate Author : FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO, Personal Author(s) : Kazhinskiy,B.B.,<br />Report Date : 31 FEB <u id="o5gs">1963</u>, Accession Number : AD0415676, Pagination or Media Count : 171<br /><u<br />id="zzi4">Abstract:</u> Contents: A CLEAR CASE OF BIOLOGICAL<br />RADIO COMMUNICATION: Searching for Analogies; The Nervous System and<br />Radio Engineering; The First Sallies Into the Open; Laboratory<br />Experiment.ONG THE QUADRUPED AND FEATHERED FRIENDS OF V. L. DUROV : The<br />Dog Mars Puts the Skeptics to Shame; I Play the Part of a Test Subject;<br />The Faraday Cage; The Two-Number Riddle; Decisive Experiments of Soviet<br />Scientists; Radio Communication Among insects. RAYS OF VISION:<br />Electricity Everywhere; The Yogis Have Known It for a Long Time; A Word<br />About Emotions. THE EAR: AN ANALYZER OF BIO-ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES OF<br />ACOUSTICAL FREQUENCY: Two-Way Communication circuits in the Nerves;<br />Pain at a Distance. HOW MATTER (BRAIN) THINKS: Memory, A Kind of<br />Hysteresis; Neurons and a Telegraph Cable; Reflex Arches; Memory<br />Storage. K. E.TSIOLKOVSKIY ON TELEPATHY: Professor Ivantsov's Doubts;<br />My Rebuttal; But I Am Not Alone; A. V. Leontovich's Work Supports the<br />Theory of Biological Radio Communication; Our Ranks Are Steadily<br />Growing. THE FRIENDS AND ENEMIES ABROAD: Interesting Observations in<br />Canada; Thousands of Kilometers Away; Some Results and Prospects.<br />(Author)</span></span></span></p> <p<br />id="opvj"><span id="n_b4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="wm2q" style="font-size:85%;"><b<br />id="cgq6">Descriptors : </b> *BIONICS, COMMUNICATION AND RADIO<br />SYSTEMS, PARAPSYCHOLOGY, INFORMATION THEORY, BRAIN, NERVOUS SYSTEM,<br />BIBLIOGRAPHIES.<br /></span></span></p> <p id="g5ru"><span id="xhvh" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p></span><br /><p id="onb5"> </p> <p id="lmwv"><span id="q_65"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="pgmn">BRAIN TELESTIMULATOR WITH SOLAR CELL POWER<br />SUPPLY.,</b></span></p> <p id="bdis"><span<br />id="igd0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">by ROBINSON<br />BW, WARNER H, ROSVOLD HE.; Science. 1965 May<br />21;148:1111-3.</span></p> <p id="bflh"><span<br />id="qof0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A<br />telestimulator has been constructed which is suitable for mounting on<br />the heads of medium-sized Macaca mulatta or larger primates. It differs<br />from previous units in that the battery supply is continuously<br />recharged from ambient light by means of solar cells. The system<br />features remote control of all stimulus parameters, constant current<br />output, and remote selection of any of 11 electrodes. If additional<br />transmitters are employed, simultaneous and independent stimulation of<br />a number of primates in the same group is possible. A shielded room<br />with a terminated antenna system is used to produce a homogeneous<br />radio-frequency field for laboratory use.</span></p> <p<br />id="gdjc"><span id="fmf6" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">PMID: 14289618 [PubMed - indexed for<br />MEDLINE]</span></p> <p id="r327"><span id="ebxk"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p><br /><p id="zqma"><span id="n-.2" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><span id="gj9w"><b<br />id="yh9o0">"Electrocardiograms by Telephone,"</b></span><br />by Crouch et al., Feb. 1966. .<br /><span id="v2rp"><b<br />id="yh9o1"> "Long Distance FM Telephone Transmission of Fetal<br />Electrocardiogram,"</b></span> Hagan et al., April<br />1963..</span></p> <p id="u336"><span id="bwxo"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b id="t3eg"><br />José<br />Manuel Rodriguez Delgado; </b> From Wikipedia, the free<br />encyclopedia</span></p> <p id="bdjx"><span<br />id="wgn5" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr. José<br />Manuel Rodriguez Delgado (1915) was a Spanish professor of physiology<br />at Yale University, famed for his research into electrical stimulation<br />of regions of the brain. Delgado was born in Ronda, Spain in 1915. In<br />1946 he began a fellowship at Yale, and was invited by the noted<br />physiologist John Fulton to join the department of physiology in 1950.<br />Delgado's research interests centered on the use of electrical signals<br />to evoke responses in the brain. His earliest work was with cats, but<br />later did experiments with monkeys and humans. Much of Delgado's work<br />was with an invention he called astimoceiver , a radio which joined a<br />stimulator of brain waves with a receiver which monitored E.E.G. waves<br />and sent them back on separate radio channels. This allowed the subject<br />of the experiment full freedom of movement while allowing the<br />experimenter to control the experiment. Thestimoceiver could be used to<br />stimulate emotions and control behavior. According to Delgado, "Radio<br />Stimulation of different points in the amygdala and hippocampus in the<br />four patients produced a variety of effects, including pleasant<br />sensations, elation, deep, thoughtful concentration, odd feelings,<br />super relaxation, colored visions, and other responses." Delgado stated<br />that "brain transmitters can remain in a person's head for life. The<br />energy to activate the brain transmitter is transmitted by way of radio<br />frequencies." (Source: Cannon; Delgado, J.M.R., "Intracerebral Radio<br />Stimulation and recording in Completely Free Patients," in Schwitzgebel<br />and Schwitzgebel. The most famous example of the stimoceiver in action<br />occurred at a Cordoba bull breeding ranch. Delgado stepped into the<br />ring with a bull which had had a stimoceiver implanted. The bull<br />charged Delgado, who pressed a remote control button which appeared to<br />cause the bull to stop its charge. Delgado claimed that the stimulus<br />caused the bull to lose its aggressive instinct; skeptics suggested<br />that the electrical impulse had caused the bull to turn aside. Although<br />the bull incident was widely mentioned in the popular media, Delgado<br />believed that his experiment with a female chimpanzee named Paddy was<br />more significant. Paddy was fitted with astimoceiver that detected a<br />brain signal called a spindle. When a spindle was detected, the<br />stimoceiver responded with a signal to the central gray area of Paddy's<br />brain, producing an 'aversive reaction'. Within hours her brain was<br />producing many fewer spindles.<br /></span></p> <p<br />id="ioc2" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="tnzr"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p><br /><p id="luld" style="margin-left:<br />40px;font-family:tahoma;"><span id="vyb-"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/26/4/337<br /><b<br />id="vdm1">PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE HUMAN TO INTRACEREBRAL<br />ELECTRICAL STIMULATION.,</b> </span></p> <p<br />id="v28c" style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:tahoma;"><span<br />id="vn:e" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">by MAHL GF,<br />ROTHENBERG A, DELGADO JM, HAMLIN H., Psychosom Med. 1964<br />Jul-Aug;26:337-68.<br />During interviews, intracerebral electrical<br />stimulation of sharply localized areas in the temporal lobe of a young<br />woman with psychomotor epilepsy consistently produced ego-alien<br />ideational experiences similar to those observed by Penfield. The<br />responses were associated with considerable anxiety and with evoked<br />electrical seizure activity. The use of the interview as the<br />observational situation and careful study of the interview<br />tape-recordings made it possible to discover that the content of<br />theideational experiences was often a function of her prestimulation<br />"mental content." This finding led to an examination of Penfield's<br />formulations and to some alternative hypotheses about mechanisms that<br />might be involved in psychic responses to temporal-lobe stimulation.<br /></span></p> <div id="df7m" style="margin-left:<br />40px;font-family:tahoma;"> <p id="o7gg"><span id="fcvl"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PMID: 14199657 [PubMed<br />- indexed for MEDLINE] </span></p></div> <p<br />id="s_5z" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="p_-e"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p><br /><div id="hg6t" style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:tahoma;"><br /><p id="w8qf"><span id="f1kq" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);">May 17, 1965: A front page New York Times story<br />entitled, "Matador' With a Radio Stops Wired Bull: Modified Behavior in<br />Animals Subject of Brain Study" features the work of Dr. Jose M.R.<br />Delgado, inventor of the "stimoceiver," a miniature transponder<br />implanted in subjects’ heads to control behavior and emotions. The<br />article describes Delgado’s most famous experiment, wherein he steps<br />into a pen with a ‘wired" bull and stops the raging animal, mid-lunge,<br />via remote control. Delgado later suggests that this technology be used<br />to curb criminal and obsessive behavior in humans and urges Congress to<br />make "control of the mind" a national goal.<br /></span></p></div> <p id="bjsh"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="g6pl"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /><u<br />id="ndju">References:</u> </span></p> <ul<br />id="gcg1" style="font-family:tahoma;"> <li id="kclk"> <p<br />id="l5yv"><span id="yksf" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">José Manuel Rodriguez Delgado (1969). Physical Control of the<br />Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society. Harper and Row. ISBN<br />0060902086. (lengthy excerpt excerpt excerpt) </span></p><br /></li><li id="xshu"> <p id="iy03"><span id="vad3"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Maggie Scarf. "Brain<br />Researcher Jose Delgado Asks "What Kind of Humans Would We Like to<br />Construct?""., New York Times, 1971-11-25. </span></p><br /></li><li id="cbnm"> <p id="omm1"><span id="e:28"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Elliot S. Valenstein<br />(1973). Brain Control: A Critical Examination of Brain Stimulation and<br />Psychosurgery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471897841. . A book<br />critical of Delgado. </span></p> </li><li<br />id="ag7n"> <p id="be25"><span id="yn95"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Delgado JM<br />(1977–1978). "Instrumentation, working hypotheses, and clinical aspects<br />of neurostimulation". Applied Neurophysiology 40 (2–4): 88–110. PMID<br />101139. </span></p> </li><li id="n7j6"> <p<br />id="w2fx"><span id="w_qn" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">John Horgan (October 2004). "The Myth of Mind Control: Will<br />anyone ever decode the human brain?". Discover 25 (10).<br /></span></p> </li><li id="smiz"> <p<br />id="zc4a"><span id="c7uc" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">John Horgan (October 2005). "The Forgotten Era of Brain<br />Chips". Scientific American 293 (4): 66-73. </span></p><br /></li><li id="mujk"> <p id="zdrx"><span id="vpbd"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wirehead Hedonism<br />versus Paradise Engineering.</span></p> </li><li<br />id="j.l3"> <p id="ra:q"><span id="owj:"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Adam Keiper (Winter<br />2006). "The Age of Neuroelectronics". The New Atlantis:<br />4–41.</span></p></li> </ul> <p<br />id="vc-y"><span id="wx.d" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><br /><br /></span></p> <span id="v4vt"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="f3o1"<br />style="font-family:Garamond;"><b id="rei2">AMYGDALA UNITARY<br />ACTIVITY IN THE UNRESTRAINED CAT.,</b><br />by SAWA M, DELGADO JM.;<br />Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1963 Aug;15:637-50.; PMID:<br />14161515 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</span> </span><br /><p id="n9xx"><span id="jjvn" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><span id="b416"<br />style="font-family:Garamond;"><b id="lh2m">FREE BEHAVIOR AND<br />BRAIN STIMULATION., </b><br /></span></span></p><br /><p id="zt8w"><span id="xluy" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><span id="c.bl" style="font-family:Garamond;">by<br />DELGADO JM.; Int Rev Neurobiol. 1964;6:349-449.; PMID: 14282364 [PubMed<br />- indexed for MEDLINE]</span></span></p> <p<br />id="c2.a"><span id="lb:g" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="d418" style="font-family:Garamond;"><b<br />id="xi3k">INTRACEREBRAL RELEASE OF NEUROHUMORS IN UNANESTHETIZED<br />MONKEYS.,</b><br />by DELGADO JM, RUBINSTEIN L.; Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1964 Aug 1;150:530-46.; PMID: 14203132 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><b id="x7-q">Intracerebral perfusion in awake monkeys.,</b><br />by Delgado JM.; Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1966 Jun;161(2):442-62.; PMID: 4959059 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><b id="v-nd">Limbic system and free behavior.,</b><br />by Delgado JM.; Prog Brain Res. 1967;27:48-68.; PMID: 4965657 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><b id="q1os">Injection of antidepressants in the amygdala of awake monkeys.,</b><br />by<br />Allikmets L, Delgado JM.; Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1968<br />Sep;175(1):170-8.; PMID: 4973156 [PubMed - indexed for<br />MEDLINE]</span><br /></span></p> <p id="d4hd" style="font-family: tahoma;"><br /></p> <p id="i0y:233" style="font-family: tahoma;"><br /><br /></p> <p id="i0y:234"><br /></p><br /><p id="h005"><span id="qxo4" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><b id="yuo_">Patent # 3,393,279 dated 16 July<br />1968</b><br />In 1958, Dr Flanagan, then a child of 14 developed a<br />radio transmitter that made the brain into a radio reciever. This<br />device transmits acoustic information to the brain by means of radio<br />waves into the skin, bypassing the 8th Crainial Nerve. When he applied<br />for a patent on the device, the patent examiner rejected the whole<br />thing saying that such a device would go against all known laws of<br />science. Over the following years, Dr Flanagan fought<br />againstinsurmontable odds to prove that the device did indeed work. In<br />the meantime, LIFE magazine ran a major article on Flanagan and the<br />Neurophone , naming him as one of the top ten scientists in the US at<br />the age of 17! In a final desperate move Flanagan flew to the patent<br />office with a model of his invention and successfully demonstrated the<br />device on a deaf employee in the patent examiner's office. The deaf man<br />heard music for the first time in 15 years and broke down into tears.<br />The examiner declared that theNeurophone was indeed a basic patentable<br />device and approved the patent for release. <b id="g6cw">Patent #<br />3,393,279 dated 16 July 1968</b>......... </span></p><br /><p id="yxax"><span id="wk9t" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><br />In the years that Dr Flanagan fought to recieve<br />deserved recognition by the patent office, he grew into manhood and was<br />working on Man- dolphin Communications for the US Navy when the patent<br />was finally issued. While involved in Man-Dolphin research, he became<br />interested in nerve signal information encoding, and began to develop<br />electronic circuits that duplicated the process of pattern recognition<br />observed in the human nervous system. This work led to research in<br />Cryptography. During that period he developed a top secret sound<br />scrambler that was virtually impossible to decode. Part of the<br />scrambler was based on his research into nerve encoding.<br /></span></p> <p id="qfye"><span id="xbau"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="ooxr">Patent # 3,647,970 dated 7 Mar 1972.<br /></b></span></p> <p id="epyi"><span id="zq00"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Dr Flanagan believed<br />that the pattern of nerve encoding used in the human speech recognition<br />system could be used to make a betterNeurophone. He succeeded in<br />perfecting an electronic curcuit that he believes duplicates the<br />precise encoding of the Cochlea and 8th Crainial Nerve. When he applied<br />for a patent on the new circuit, the patent aplication was immediately<br />placed under top secrecy by the National Security Agency. The only<br />explnation given at the time was that the circuit had potential uses in<br />the defense of the country. Dr Flanagan was happy that the government<br />considered that his device could be used in his country's defense. The<br />only problem was that the government wanted the device free, and he<br />spent 14 years on it.<br />He hired attorneys and challenged the secrecy<br />order for over five years. At the end of that period, the patent was<br />released from secrecy and was approved for issue by the patent office.<br /><b id="o.vj">Patent # </b> </span></p> <p<br />id="cv83"><span id="bkiw" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><b id="w0l4">Operant conditioning of EEG in the<br />unrestrained chimpanzee.,<br /></b>by Delgado JM, Johnston VS,<br />Wallace JD, Bradley RJ.; Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1969<br />Sep;27(7):701-2.; PMID: 4187397 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><b id="wh7i">Fragmental organization of emotional behavior in the monkey brain.,</b><br />by Delgado JM, Mir D.; Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1969 Jul 30;159(3):731-51.; PMID: 4981884 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><b id="r2:b">Radiostimulation of the brain in primates and man.</b><br />Fourth<br />Becton, Dickinson and Company Oscar Schwidetzky Memorial Lecture., by<br />Delgado JM. Anesth Analg. 1969 Jul-Aug;48(4):529-42. PMID: 4978402<br />[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /></span></p> <p id="ki8h">United States Patent 3427454<br /><span id="pgbm"><b id="yh9o2">BIOMEDICAL RADIATION DETECTION PROBE</b></span><br />Inventors: James E. Webb<br />Filed: DEc. 23, 1965 / February 1969<br /><br /><br /><br />United States Patent 3453546<br /><span id="jxwb"><b id="ex62">TELEMETER ADAPTABLE FOR IMPLANTING IN AN ANIMAL</b></span><br /><span<br />id="g-1c"><u id="yh9o3">Abstract:</u></span> A<br />telemeter for biomedical instrumentation in which two voltages are<br />generated. The ration of the two voltages is proportional to the<br />condition monitored. These voltages are alternately sampled, and<br />equal-duration bursts of RF energy are transmitted. the intervals<br />between the successive bursts are alternately T1 and T2. The ratio of<br />T1 to T2 is equal to the ratio of the two voltages. Since the condition<br />monitored monitored is a function of the ratio, errors caused by power<br />supply fluctuations etc. are cancelled.<br />Inventors: Thomas B. Fryer<br />Filed: Nov 4, 1966 / July 1969<br /></p> <span id="ripz" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /><br /></span> <p id="rjw8"><span id="l1:g" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p><br /><span id="lq87" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);font-family:tahoma;" ><span id="lfki"<br />style="font-size:85%;"><b id="m.8-">1970:<br /><br /></b></span></span><span<br />id="i0y:273" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span<br />id="pcc7" style="font-family:Garamond;"><b id="h5jn">Operant<br />conditioning of amygdala spindling in the free chimpanzee.,</b><br />by<br />Delgado JM, Johnston VS, Wallace JD, Bradley RJ.; Brain Res. 1970 Sep<br />16;22(3):347-62.; PMID: 5505539 [PubMed - indexed for<br />MEDLINE]</span></span><br /><span id="i0y:281"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family:tahoma;"<br />><span id="i0y:282" style="font-size:85%;"><b<br />id="i0y:283"><span id="e::u" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></b></span></span><span<br />id="pnx0" style=";font-family:tahoma;font-size:78%;" >United States<br />Patent 3,576,554<br /><span id="cz-2"><b id="t_gf">PASSIVE TELEMETRY SYSTEM</b></span><br />Abstract:<br />A telemetry system having a physically separate passive sensing circuit<br />including a first magnetic coil which is coupled to the power source<br />for supplying electrical current, a sensing device for modulating the<br />electrical current in accordance with the variable sensed, and a second<br />magnetic coil, for coupling the modulated current to the output device,<br />the first and second magnetic coils being adjacent each other and<br />oriented at substantially right angles in order to avoid interference<br />between their respective magnetic fields.<br />Inventors: Temps, Jr.; Alfred J., Summers; George D.<br />Assignee: Fairchild Hiller Corporation (Farmingdale, Long Island, NY)<br />Filed: November 30, 1967 / April 27, 1971<br /></span><br /><p id="p42j" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="bmvr"<br />style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p id="g980"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="onxf"<br />style="font-size:78%;"><span class="postbody"<br />id="bq1c"><span id="j5tm" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><a id="u0hc"<br />href="http://stinet.dtic.mil/stinet/jsp/advanced-tr.jsp"<br />target="_blank"><span id="matj" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255,<br />255);">http://stinet.dtic.mil/stinet/jsp/advanced-tr.jsp</span></a><span<br />id="yx3a" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (search:<br />electronarcosis)<br /><b id="pmmk">Title: Shark Dart Electronic Circuit.</b><br />AD<br />Number: AD0164212 Corporate Author: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON D<br />C Personal Author: Blanc,Clarence G.<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p<br />id="g3c:" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="o1ji"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:78%;" ><span id="gwe8"><span id="e.es"<br />style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span id="rskt"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span<br />class="postbody" id="rae1">Report Date: December 14, <u<br />id="w77k">1971</u> Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC<br />RELEASE Source Code: 110050 From the collection: Technical Reports.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="i0y:290" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="i0y:291"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:78%;" ><span id="i0y:292"><span id="i0y:293"<br />style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span id="i0y:294"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span<br />class="postbody" id="i0y:295"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="vkjw" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="i0y:296"<br />style=";font-family:tahoma;font-size:78%;" >United States Patent<br /></span><span id="hp0c" style="font-size:78%;"><span<br />class="postbody" id="bdp:"><span id="t5u."<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="fl8j"><span id="m65z">3,647,970 dated 7 Mar 1972.<br /></span></b></span></span></span></p><br /><span class="postbody" id="ev0h"> <p id="eldb" align="left"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="jte8"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:78%;" ><span id="hhs3">The Neurophone has been<br />out now for nearly five months, and we are starting to get reports back<br />from layman and professional users. The inital results are exciting.<br />Several people have reported that their ability to remember data is<br />increasing. People who could not remember telephone numbers are<br />becoming walking phone books!<br /><br /></span></span></p><br /><p id="l.fx" align="left" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span<br />id="ap37" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:78%;" ><a id="gv1s"<br />href="http://www.worldtrans.org/spir/neuro.html"><span<br />id="ox1.">http://www.worldtrans.org/spir/neuro.html</span></a></span></p><br /><p id="hzu1" align="left" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span<br />id="g872" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:78%;" ><span id="l9pn">Patrick Flanagan's<br />Neurophone; Hope for the deaf and superlearning for all; by Eddy<br />Taylor</span></span></p> <p id="g8d9" align="left"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="yf26"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:78%;" ><span id="jgdb">In order for bone<br />conduction to work, the cochlea or inner ear that connects to the 8th<br />cranial nerve must function. People who are nerve deaf cannot hear<br />through bone conduction because the nerves in the inner ear are not<br />functional. A number of nerve deaf people who have had the entire inner<br />ear removed by surgery have been able to hear with the <b<br />id="vmrg">Neurophone</b>. The <b<br />id="bk7b">Neurophone</b> is really an electronic telepathy<br />machine. Several tests prove that it bypasses the 8th cranial nerve or<br />hearing nerve and transmits sound directly to the brain. This means<br />that the <b id="cmuz">Neurophone</b> stimulates perception<br />through a 7th or Alternate Sense!"</span></span></p><br /><p id="lsde" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="xmy_"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:78%;" ><span id="jv9w">In 1962, Patrick predicted<br />that electromedicine would revolutionize conventional health care. One<br />of the relatively unknown, silent revolutions has already taken place<br />in the form of blood and lymph cleansing devices. These simple, yet<br />powerful, electronic devices have been popularized by Bob Beck,<br />physicist and bio electronic researcher and Hulda Clark, N.D.<br /><br /></span></span></p><br /><p id="rw8x" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="ntmy"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:78%;" ><span id="b6an">In 1990, a remarkable<br />discovery was made by Steven Kaali, MD and William Lyman, associate<br />Professor of Pathology at Einstein College of Medicine in N.Y.C. It was<br />shown that a minute current (50-100 micro amperes) can alter outer<br />protein layers of the HIV virus and prevent it's attachment to receptor<br />sites. (Science News March 30, 1991, pg. 207). The viruses loose the<br />ability to make an enzyme crucial to their reproduction. This process<br />may also reverse Epstein Barr (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome), Hepatitis and<br />Herpes B. Responsible users of this technology who are HIV positive,<br />may expect a Negative P24 surface antigen orPCR test (no more HIV<br />detectable in blood) after 30 days. A simplified version of this unit<br />now makes self help feasible. The potential to clean andpotentize the<br />blood banks of the world with this instrument is truly staggering. Bob<br />Beck's Sept. 96 Explore Magazine Article notes a study on the life span<br />of blood cells sealed under cover slips on microscope slides. While the<br />average life of "normal" blood is about 4 days; blood cells treated<br />with a mildmicrocurrent live for well over a month!<br /><br /></span></span></p><br /><p id="a7so" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="y46."<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:78%;" ><span id="g53w"> In a curious parallel to<br />Roxanne Kremer's work on interspecies communication with the Pink<br />Amazon River Dolphins, Dr. Flanagan has made impressive technical<br />contributions. In February, 1968, he applied for a patent on a device<br />for translating human speech into dolphin language and vice/versa. This<br />was a result of studies with dolphins in the lagoon of a small island<br />off the coast of Oahu, Hawaii. A vocabulary of 30 words was discovered<br />before a startling intervention. Six months after applying for the<br />patent, it was placed under secrecy order #756, 124 by a U.S.Government<br />surveillance agency. Five years later, another hard-fought legal battle<br />rescinded the suppression and patent #3,647,970 was granted on March<br />7th 1972. This speech processing patent is actually used as the circuit<br />in the present version of the <b id="anwd">Neurophone</b>.<br /></span></span></p> <p id="ztwa"><span<br />id="fzjs" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p></span><span<br />id="i0y:317" style=";font-family:tahoma;font-size:78%;" >United<br />States Patent 3,690,309<br /><span id="mfo6"><b<br />id="wn2t">RADIOCAPSULE FOR REGISTERING IONIZING RADIATION IN THE<br />CAVITIES OF HUMAN BODIES</b></span><br />Abstract: A<br />radiocapsule for registration of ionizing radiation in the cavities of<br />human body, comprising a detector to register ionizing particles in the<br />cavities of human body and to modulate r.f. signals of an inverter of a<br />d.c. voltage into an a.c. sine voltage at the moment when ionizing<br />particles are being registered, said inverter having apiezo-electric<br />transformer.<br />Inventors: Viktor Mikhailovich Pluzhnikov (Studenchesy<br />gorodok MIFI), Korpus 6, kv. 32 (Moscow, Soviet Union), Karl Davidovich<br />Kalantarov, ULITSA Serafimovicha (2, kv.), 469 (Moscow, Soviet Union),<br />Jury Yakovlevich Gugnin, Timiryazevskaya ulitsa (10/12), kv. 108<br />(Moscow, Soviet Union), Valentin Sergeevich Semenov, ULITSA Garibaldi<br />(23/56),<br />Korpus 1, kv. 79 (Moscow, Soviet Union), Valentina Vasilievna Zelenina (Studenchesky gorodok MIFI),<br />Korpus 9, kv. 15 (Moscow, Soviet Union), Albert Ivanovich Filatov, Nagornaya ulitsa, 64 (2a, kv.), 61 (Moscow, Soviet Union)<br />Filed: August 5, 1970 / September 12, 1972<br /></span><br /><span<br />id="neqp" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span> <p id="s:72"> </p> <p<br />id="k_tg"><span id="wpvf" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><b id="oxz6">Louis Herman</b>; From Wikipedia,<br />the free encyclopedia</span></p> <p<br />id="m.r_"><span id="glcs" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">Louis Herman is a researcher in of dolphin sensory abilities,<br />dolphin cognition, and humpback whales. He is currently professor in<br />the Department of <a id="e8xk" title="Psychology"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology">Psychology</a><br />and a cooperating faculty member of the Department of <a id="d9la"<br />title="Oceanography"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography">Oceanography</a><br />at the <a class="mw-redirect" id="eqqz" title="University Of Hawaii"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Of_Hawaii">University<br />of Hawaii at Manoa</a>. He founded the Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal<br />Laboratory (KBMML) in <a class="mw-redirect" id="diaw"<br />title="Honolulu"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu">Honolulu</a>,<br /><a id="crya" title="Hawaii"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a> in 1970<br />to study <a class="mw-redirect" id="lpao" title="Bottlenose dolphin"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin">bottlenose<br />dolphin</a> <a id="r4ln" title="Perception"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception">perception</a>,<br /><a id="s.:." title="Cognition"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition">cognition</a>,<br />and communication. In 1975, he pioneered the scientific study of the<br />annual winter <a id="r1td" title="Fish migration"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration">migration</a><br />of <a class="mw-redirect" id="c9v6" title="Humpback whale"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale">humpback<br />whales</a> into Hawaiian waters. Together with Adam Pack, he<br />founded The Dolphin Institute in 1993, a non-profit corporation<br />dedicated to <a id="drs:" title="Dolphin"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin">dolphins</a> and<br /><a id="paaa" title="Whale"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale">whales</a> through<br />education, research, and conservation. Herman is most known for his<br />research into <a id="a4ep" title="Animal language"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_language">animal<br />language</a> and <a id="h9tl" title="Animal echolocation"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation">echolocation</a>,<br />and more recently on the topic of imitation. <br /></span></p><br /><p id="s-6:"><span id="ukcl" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);">His 1984 paper on <a id="q3q." title="Animal<br />language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_language">animal<br />language</a> (Herman, Richards, & Wolz, 1984) was<br />published in the human psychology journal <a id="djhx"<br />title="Cognition"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition">Cognition</a>,<br />during the anti-animal language backlash generated by the skeptical<br />critique of primate animal language programs by <a class="new"<br />id="ohlt" title="Herbert S. Terrace (page does not exist)"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_S._Terrace&action=edit&redlink=1">Herbert<br />Terrace</a> in 1979. The key difference with previous primate<br />work was that the dolphin work focused on language comprehension only.<br />The problem with researching language production was the issue of<br />scientific <a id="npnu" title="Parsimony"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsimony">parsimony</a>:<br />it is essentially impossible to verify that an animal truly understands<br />its own artificial language production. This problem is eliminated with<br />language comprehension studies, because the researchers control the<br />form of the artificial language, and need only observe the behavior of<br />the animal in response to the symbol sequence. Other controls included<br />the use of a blinded observer who was not aware of the sentence given<br />to the dolphin, as well as the balanced presentation of possible<br />word/symbol combinations. Most importantly, the dolphins were tested on<br />their responses to novel sentences they had never before been given, to<br />test for concept generalization. Also, the dolphins were tested in<br />novel sentence grammars and anomalous grammars as well, demonstrating<br />that the dolphins' comprehension was not limited to a finite-state<br />(slot-based) <a id="nr_v" title="Syntax"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax">syntax</a>.</span></p><br /><p id="g:16"><span id="gpay" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);">The dolphins in this research were named <a id="a8iu"<br />title="Akeakamai"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeakamai">Akeakamai</a><br />and Phoenix. Akeakamai is perhaps the best-known of the language<br />dolphins, and was inserted as a character in <a id="d5ow"<br />title="David Brin"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brin">David<br />Brin</a>'s <a id="egmz" title="Science fiction"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction">science<br />fiction</a> novel <a id="f7n4" title="Startide Rising"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startide_Rising">Startide<br />Rising</a>. In the <a id="ja-d" title="Hawaiian language"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language">Hawaiian<br />language</a>, Akeakamai roughly corresponds to: lover (ake) of<br />wisdom (<a id="wc23" title="Akamai"<br />href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai">akamai</a>).</span></p><br /><p id="o0bp"><span id="a1nm" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><br /></span></p> <p id="g-s8"><span<br />id="tt1y" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="aviu">United States Patent:<br />3,810,102</b></span></p> <p id="ksff"><span<br />id="umia" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Parks, III ,<br />et al. May 7, 1974</span></p> <p id="wnai"><span<br />id="jbbs" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="i2.y">SYSTEM FOR TRANSMISSION AND ANALYSIS OF BIOMEDICAL DATA<br /></b>Inventors:<br />William <a id="c2yr"<br />href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=54&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&s1=%28Louis+AND+Herman%29.INNM.&p=2&OS=IN/%28Louis+and+Herman%29&RS=IN/%28Louis+AND+Herman%29#h0"<br />name="h1"></a><i id="q0_q">Louis</i> Parks III,<br />William Luster Grenoble Jr, Henry <a id="br:_"<br />href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=54&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&s1=%28Louis+AND+Herman%29.INNM.&p=2&OS=IN/%28Louis+and+Herman%29&RS=IN/%28Louis+AND+Herman%29#h1"<br />name="h2"></a>Herman Harjes Jr, Lawrence James McCarthy ;<br />Telserv, Inc.<br /><u id="fm_v">Abstract:</u> A method and<br />system for transmitting biomedical data to a remote station for<br />subsequent processing. Analog electrical biomedical signals are sampled<br />and digitized at a relatively low data rate and transmitted over a<br />communications link of limited bandwidth to a remote station where the<br />analog electrical biomedical signals are reconstructed from the digital<br />data and are sampled and digitized at a substantially higher data rate<br />for subsequent interpretation by a diagnostic computer. Alternatively,<br />the received digital data are directly converted to a substantially<br />higher digital data rate by means of a numerical algorithm, a form of<br />digital interpolation.<br /></span></p> <p id="vmk1"><br /></p> <p id="i0y:372"><br /></p> <p id="i0y:373"><br /><br /><br />United States Patent 3,885,224<br /><span id="g3cx"><b id="il98">Signal processing apparatus for imaging scanner</b></span><br />Abstract:<br />This invention comprises apparatus for mathematical processing of a<br />sequence of pulse signal time functions, produced by an ultrasonic<br />imaging scanner. The basic processor described herein has a slower<br />processing rate than the input rate of back-reflected pulse signal time<br />function values. The reflected pulse signal time function values are<br />stored, rearranged in sequence, and convoluted with a specified filter<br />function to produce a processed image signal time function for imaging.<br />Specific electronic apparatus is utilized including a digital computer<br />with stored internal program forfourier convolution and filter function<br />synthesis.<br />Inventors: Klahr; Carl N. (Lawrence, NY)<br />Filed: September 13, 1973 / May 20, 1975<br /><br />United States Patent 3,714,429<br /><span id="jqoh"><b id="rbaz">TOMOGRAPHIC RADIOISOTOPIC IMAGING WITH A SCINTILLATION CAMERA</b></span><br />Abstract:<br />A method and means for tomographic imaging involving the use of a<br />radioisotopic detector comprising a scintillation camera with a<br />multichannel parallel-hole collimator, whose holes are all inclined at<br />an identical angle toward the field of interest, and the moving of this<br />detector in a series of back-and-forth linear motions, centered on a<br />common axis of rotation and with the collimator in reversed<br />orientations, in such manner that the accumulated count rate<br />information can be computed, stored, retrieved and selectively<br />integrated to produce a tomographic image of the radioactive<br />distribution in any selected plane in the field scanned. The count rate<br />information is collected and computed in terms of a fixed coordinate<br />system and provides a reservoir of computed data which may be analyzed,<br />utilizing a time-lapse summation technique, to present any particular<br />tomographic plane for imaging.<br />Inventors: Mozley; James M. (Camillus, NY), McAfee; John G. (Manluis, NY), Stabler; Edward P. (Syracuse, NY)<br />Filed: September 28, 1970 / January 30, 1973<br /><br />United States Patent 3,889,226<br /><span id="d.hy"><b id="yh9o4">Scanned holography by sector scanning</b></span><br />Abstract:<br />Sector or angular scanning of the source of coherent radiation and/or<br />the receiver provides useful techniques in holography for producing a<br />distortion which can be used to counteract the distortion due to<br />wavelengths disparity in the recording and reconstruction steps. The<br />sector or angular scanning may be performed mechanically or<br />electronically.<br />Inventors: Hildebrand; Bernard P.<br />Assignee: Battelle Development Corporation (Richland, WA)<br />Filed: September 12, 1973 / June 10, 1975<br /></p><br /><p id="i0y:385"> </p> <p id="fr.."><span id="bqz0"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a id="tk9i"<br />href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1137218"<br />target="_blank"><span id="uu3d" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;"<br />>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1137218</span></a><br /><span<br />id="x2uc" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span id="e4vn"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="tdf4"<br />style="font-size:85%;"><b id="nfbz">Two-way transdermal<br />communication with the brain.</b>,<br />Delgado JMR, Lipponen V,<br />Weiss G, del Pozo F, Monteagudo JL, McMahon R., Am Psychol <u<br />id="ag7o">1975</u>;30: pp. 265–73.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="wyjx"> </p> <p id="k08w"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="cur5"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="in_l">United States Patent: 3,952,216; </b> April 20,<br />1976</span></p> <p id="ujzo"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="bdac"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inventors: Theodore C.<br />Madison, Harlan G. Frey; Assignee: The United States of America as<br />represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington, DC)<br /></span></p><br /><p id="h9se" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="ns6m"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Abstract: A transducer<br />comprising an array of prestressed, mass-loaded, piezoelectr<br />low-frequency, transducer elements set within a housing, a thin<br />alignment plate bonded to the planar radiating faces of the<br />low-frequency transducer array, a pressure-release sheet bonded to the<br />thin alignment plate, and a high frequency, planar, transducer array<br />bonded to this pressure-release sheet. The high frequency transducer<br />array in combination with its two backing layers forms an integral part<br />of the low frequency transducer array during low frequency operation in<br />addition to providing high frequency transmission and reception during<br />high frequency operation. This transducer construction permits high<br />transmitting and receiving sensitivities at widely separated<br />frequencies.<br /></span></p> <p id="oo8-"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="qugz"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p><br /><div id="owm_" style="font-family:tahoma;"> <p<br />id="dk2-"><span id="tpal" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/101139<br /></span></p></div> <p id="sq15"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="c.7h"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="vg-u">Instrumentation, working hypotheses, and clinical aspects<br />of neurostimulation</b>.,<br />by Delgado JM., Appl Neurophysiol.<br />1977-1978;40(2-4):88-110. </span></p> <p id="f5m."<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="oxqu"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The paper describes<br />instrumentation developed in our laboratory for the therapy of<br />neurological disorders, including </span></p> <p<br />id="ci.i" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="w8iw"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(a) hybrid stimulator<br />for chronic use which retains constant current characteristics,<br />providing a low resistance path during the quiescent phase between<br />pulses to minimize thepostpulse charge; </span></p> <p<br />id="g7:-" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="k5zb"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(b) brain radio<br />stimulators, crystal controlled, with digital logic section and an<br />optoelectric sensor for telemetry of the intensity used;<br /></span></p> <p id="zxtz"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="fpd5"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="e-cg"><i id="h3wr">(c) external stimoceiver for<br />experimental and clinical use, combining multichannel stimulator and<br />EEG telemetric instrument; </i></b></span></p><br /><p id="sd7q" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="ul46"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="p0ea"><i id="mf_r">(d) transdermal stimoceivers, totally<br />implantable for two-way communication with the brain through the intact<br />skin; and</i></b> </span></p> <p id="zcqg"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="u_0h"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="a8ci"><i id="i2f6">(e) implantable microprocessor for<br />detection of EEG signals which are used to trigger contingent brain<br />stimulation.</i></b> </span></p> <p<br />id="omnm" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="gxd."<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Our working hypotheses<br />for chronic brain stimulation include </span></p> <p<br />id="i_l9" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="d6zg"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><b<br />id="gpwz"><i id="d6pe">(a) electrical modification of the<br />functional set point of specific cerebral areas;</i></b><br />(b) feedback-controlled stimulation; and<br /><b<br />id="o4l7"><i id="ke82">(c) establishment of artificial<br />neuronal links with the aide of the computer.</i></b><br />The<br />paper concludes with a discussion of the indications for therapeutic<br />use of brain stimulation and criteria for patient selection.<br />PMID: 101139 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /></span></p><br /><p id="l4lu" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="edsz"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p><br /><p id="i1r8"><span id="mk9t" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><b id="xwfj">[Machines for exploring the<br />brain</b>] [Article in French],<br />by Delgado JM.,; Auxiliaire. 1977 Jun;50(2):14-6.PMID: 242540 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><b id="hns7">Hybrid stimulator for chronic experiments.,</b><br />by Del Pozo F, Delgado JM.,; IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1978 Jan;25(1):92-4.PMID: 621108 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /></span></p> <p id="i0y:423"><span id="i0y:424" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span>United States Patent 4,279,887<br /><span id="kdsh"><b id="elgz">Amides useful as brain imaging agents</b></span><br />Abstract:<br />Certain radioiodine containing amides useful as brain imaging agents<br />are disclosed. The compounds of the subject invention are represented<br />by the formula ##STR1## wherein I is a radioisotope of iodine with<br />I-123 being preferred, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or different<br />and are selected from the grooup consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy,<br />alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, anilino and carbamoylmethyl or<br />R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are<br />attached form a 5- or 6-membered ring.<br />Inventors: Baldwin; Ronald M., Lin; Tz-Hong, Winchell; Harry S.<br />Assignee: Medi-Physics, Inc. (Emeryville, CA)<br />Filed: November 29, 1978 / July 21, 1981<br /><br />United States Patent 4,284,619<br /><span id="qap5"><b id="ndyv">Esters useful as brain imaging agents</b></span><br />Abstract:<br />Certain radioiodine containing esters useful as brain imaging agents<br />are disclosed. The compounds of the subject invention are represented<br />by the formula ##STR1## wherein I is a radioisotope of iodine with<br />iodine-123 being preferred and R is selected from the group consisting<br />of alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, a polyhydric alcohol radical<br />and a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring.<br />Inventors: Lin; Tz-Hong<br />Assignee: Medi-Physics, Inc. (Emeryville, CA)<br />Filed: November 29, 1978 / August 18, 1981<br /></p> <p id="i0y:455"><span id="i0y:456" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p> <p id="i0y:457">United States Patent 4,162,500<br /><span id="d425"><b id="u0y-">Ridged waveguide antenna submerged in dielectric liquid</b></span><br />Abstract:<br />A system for remote microwave interrogation and imaging of biological<br />tars comprises at least one microwave, double ridged waveguide antenna<br />probe which operates at S-band frequencies, and a high dielectric<br />liquid medium, preferably water, in which both the probe and the target<br />are completely immersed. For imaging applications, the probe is<br />positioned with respect to the target such that the target is in the<br />near field of the antenna.<br />Inventors: Jacobi; John H. (Bowie, MD), Larsen; Lawrence E. (Silver Spring, MD)<br />Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington, DC)<br />Filed:<br />March 29, 1978 / July 24, 1979</p> <p id="i0y:459"><span<br />id="i0y:460" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></span></p> <p id="i0y:461"><span id="i0y:462" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /><br /></span></p><br /><p id="nq84"><span id="hgkn" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><b id="r.9c">Elliot Valenstein;</b> From<br />Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia </span></p> <p<br />id="di:f" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="k6cv"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Elliot S. Valenstein,<br />PhD, is a professor emeritus of psychology and neuroscience at the<br />University of Michigan. His theories challenge the conventional<br />assumption that mental illness is biochemical, rejecting the 'chemical<br />imbalance' theories used by drug companies in marketing their products,<br />contending people should be suspicious of such claims while suggesting<br />the targets of the marketing are usually medicating themselves<br />unnecessarily. In his 1998 book, Blaming the Brain: The Truth about<br />Drugs and Mental Health,Valenstein argues that while psychotropic drugs<br />sometimes do work, they do not even begin to address the real cause of<br />mental disorders, since in his view biochemical theories are an<br />entirely "unproven hypothesis" used to excuse what he sees as often<br />unconscionable marketing practices of the drug industry.Valenstein<br />acknowledges a combination of medications and psychotherapy often<br />offers the best chance of success at treating common disorders, but<br />stresses no one knows exactly why.Valenstein examines the various<br />special interests behind the ascent in the latter half of the 20th<br />century of purely biopsychiatric hypotheses, which appeal strongly to<br />pharmaceutical companies. Their commercial motives are driven by the<br />enormous, multi-billion dollar stakes involved in the intensely<br />competitive marketing for such drugs as Prozac,Zyprexa, and Zoloft.<br />Aggressive marketing, Valenstein contends, has dramatically changed<br />practices in the mental health profession. He explores other aspects of<br />the growing influence of drug companies, which sponsor research, lobby<br />government officials, market directly to both consumers and primary<br />care physicians (the primaryprescribers of psychiatric drugs), and<br />pressure psychiatric journals to downplay studies casting doubt on drug<br />safety and efficacy. In 2000,Valenstein presented "A Critique of<br />Current Biochemical Theories of Mental Illness" as the keynote speaker<br />at the Behavior Analysis Association of Michigan (BAAM) convention. In<br />his 1986 book Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of<br />Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness,<br />Valenstein explores the history of lobotomy’s heyday, in the 1940s and<br />1950s, while questioning the legitimacy of widespread use of such<br />unproven medical treatments. The truth, saysValenstein , is that we are<br />only at the dawn of an understanding of mental illness. "The factors<br />that fostered (the operations’) development and made them flourish,"<br />explainsValenstein, "are still active today." Published books:<br /></span></p> <ul id="pnhp"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"> <li id="kk3b"> <p<br />id="l0mi"><span id="u..q" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">Brain Control: A Critical Examination of Brain Stimulation<br />and Psychosurgery (1973) </span></p> </li><li<br />id="nwfe"> <p id="rh3k"><span id="p2ci"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Brain Stimulation and<br />Motivation: Research and Commentary (Ed.) (1973)<br /></span></p> </li><li id="mvtb"> <p<br />id="bik4"><span id="a7oe" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of<br />psychosurgery and other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness (1986)<br /></span></p> </li><li id="uijn"> <p<br />id="p.6k"><span id="evt3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">Blaming the Brain: The Truth About Drugs and Mental Health<br />(1998) </span></p> </li><li id="f25s"> <p<br />id="v872"><span id="hhxx" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);">The War of the Soups and the Sparks: The Discovery of<br />Neurotransmitters and the Dispute over how Nerves Communicate (2005)<br /></span></p></li> </ul> <p id="mx3y"<br />style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p<br />id="ylug"><span id="m_ev" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><br /></span></p> <p id="wd-q"><span id="kj0-" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /><span<br />id="dwdw" style="font-size:85%;"><b<br />id="cvuz">1980:</b></span></span></p> <p<br />id="vj28"><span id="cjj4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="l9ys" style="font-size:85%;"><b<br />id="j.pw">1990:</b></span></span></p> <p<br />id="vomw"> </p> <p id="teu:"><span id="l_bz"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a id="nirq"<br />href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1188390&blobtype=pdf"<br />target="_blank"><span id="fcfz" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;"<br />>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1188390&blobtype=pdf</span></a><br /><span<br />id="yjnd" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span id="n-ju"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="bhju"<br />style="font-size:85%;"><b id="jl6g">A brief history of brain<br />stimulation. In: Principles of brain stimulation.</b>,<br />by JS Yeomans, Oxford University Press: New York; <u id="dqtz">1990</u>. pp. 3–19.<br /><br /></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="ey30"><span id="h67k" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:100%;" ><span<br />id="i.9m"><b<br />id="dsh3">2000:</b></span></span></p> <p<br />id="bxxv"> </p> <p id="p_-0">A multi-channel telemetry<br />system for brain microstimulation in freely roaming animals,<br />by<br />Shaohua Xu, Sanjiv K. Talwar, Emerson S. Hawley, Lei Li and John K.<br />Chapin, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 29 may 2003.</p> <p<br />id="vddk"><br /> </p> <p id="mt12">May 1, 1989: Former BBC<br />producer and veteran foreign correspondent Gordon Thomas publishes<br />Journey Into Madness, The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and<br />Medical Abuse, connecting Jose Delgado’s views to those endorsed by<br />SidneyGottlieb, of CIA/ MK-ULTRA fame. He explains: "Dr. Gottlieb and<br />behaviorists of ORD [Office of Research and Development, CIA, Central<br />Intelligence Agency] shared Jose Delgado's views that the day must come<br />when the technique would be perfected for making not only animals but<br />humans respond to electrically transmitted signals." Physical Control<br />of the Mind, towards apsychocivilised society, 1968, by JMR Delgado<br /></p> <p id="c8vm"> </p> <p id="s03o"<br />align="left">June 16, 1995: Time magazine features an ad for an<br />implantable pet transponder, oddly enough, aside an article about a<br />militia man’s fears about the encroaching New World Order. By Aug.<br />2002, such devices are so commonplace that the Christian Science<br />Monitor reports on how the military is "adopting a Big Brother<br />approach" to "implanting microchips in cats and dogs that live on<br />government land" in order to track down and penalize military families<br />who abandon their pets. </p> <p id="x_hm" align="left"><br />Nov.<br />1996: "Click Here to upload your soul," advises one of many articles on<br />British Telecom’s Martlesham Heath Laboratories’ "Soul Catcher" implant<br />chip, which, as Personal Computer World explains, "will be implanted<br />behind a person’s eye and will record all the thoughts and experiences<br />of their lifetimes." Dr. Chris Winter tells London’s Daily Telegraph,<br />"This is the end of death... By combining this information with a<br />record of the person’s genes, we could recreate a person physically,<br />emotionally and spiritually." </p> <p id="rbjd"<br />align="left"><br />Oct. 15, 1998: The BBC reports on "bionic brain<br />implants" developed by American scientists. "Over several months, the<br />implant becomes naturally 'wired' into thepatient's brain as neurons<br />grow into the cones and attach themselves to the electrodes mounted<br />inside," the report asserts. </p> <p id="q72w" align="left"><br />Sept.<br />23, 1998: Cybernetics Prof. Kevin Warwick becomes the first known human<br />to communicate with machines via a microchip implanted in his body.<br />Predicting that such implants will eventually replace time cards,<br />tracking devises and credit cards, Warwick tells ABC News, "I feel<br />mentally different." Later, he tells Salon.com, "After a few days I<br />started to feel quite a closeness to the computer, which was very<br />strange. When you are linking your brain up like that, you change who<br />you are. You do become a 'borg.' You are not just a human linked with<br />technology; you are something different and your values and judgment<br />will change." He also admits, "It does make me feel that Orwell was<br />probably right about the Big Brother issue." </p> <p id="m1nl"<br />align="left"><br />Dec. 7, 2000: CNN reports on Dr. Kevin Warwick’s<br />next step, implanting a chip that interacts with his central nervous<br />system. "This summer, a professor plans to take a step closer to<br />becoming a cyborg -- part human, part computer -- by implanting a<br />silicon chip that communicates with his brain," CNN says. With his wife<br />also getting "chipped," Warwick later discusses the possibility that<br />couples might one day read each other’s minds and experience each<br />other’s pleasure (making faked orgasms obsolete). Their experience is<br />recorded in the book, I Cyborg. </p> <p id="u881"<br />align="left"><br /></p> <p<br />id="fp7i">http://www.biochem.mpg.de/mnphys/publications/01fro2/index.html</p><br /><p id="wegq">Microelectronics meets Molecular and<br />Neurobiology;</p> <p id="irbj">by Peter Fromherz, Technical<br />Digest IEDM (International Electronic Devices Meeting) 2001, 16/1<br /></p> <p id="op9v">Abstract: The electrical interfacing of<br />nerve cells and semiconductor microstructures is considered. The<br />coupling of the electron conducting silicon with ion conducting neurons<br />relies on a close contact of the chip and the cell membrane with its<br />ion channels. Excitation of neuronal activity is achieved by capacitive<br />interaction with the channels and recording by the response of<br />transistors to open channels. Integratedneuroelectronic systems are<br />obtained by outgrowth of a neuronal net on silicon and by two-way<br />interfacing of the neuronal and electronic components.</p> <p<br />id="xa_l" align="left"><br /></p> <p id="g8a:"<br />align="left">Sept. 5, 2001: ABC News’ Nicholas Regush warns that<br />"mind control" could be on the horizon. "On the bright side, the powers<br />of this science could be used to mend broken and diseased brains," he<br />says. "On the dark side, there would be plenty of opportunity to tinker<br />with consciousness and control human behavior in menacing fashion."<br /></p> <p id="n8h2" align="left"><br />May 1, 2002: An ABC<br />report entitled, "Scientists Develop Remote-Controlled Rats" describes<br />a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)-funded project,<br />wherein rats, "each wired with three hair-fine electrical probes to<br />their brains," are "directed through remote control by an operator<br />typing commands on a computer." Lead scientist Dr.Sanjiv Talwar admits<br />to the BBC that "the idea is sort of creepy" and tells the Guardian<br />that remote controlled animals could be used for nefarious purposes,<br />such as assassinations. </p> <p id="m_jo" align="left"><br />May<br />10, 2002: A family has microchips inserted into their bodies on<br />national TV. An Applied Digital Solutions press release boasts:<br />"VeriChip has been the subject of widespread media attention for the<br />past few months, everything from Time Magazine to the Today Show, the<br />Early Show,CNN's American Morning with Paula Zahn, CBS Weekend Evening<br />News, and the O'Reilly Factor on Fox News. We're delighted that Good<br />Morning America and CBS Evening News will cover the first-ever<br />"chipping" procedures on May 10th. </p> <p id="q0gr"<br />align="left"><br /></p> <p id="dqmw" align="left">http://www.infineon.com/cms/de/corporate/press/news/releases/2003/129293.html<br />http://www.infineon.com/cms/de/corporate/press/news/releases/2003/129317.html<br /></p><br /><p id="szon"><b id="yh9o5">Weltneuheit: Bio-Neuro-Chip von<br />Infineon Technologies kommuniziert mit lebendem Zellgewebe -<br />Elektronische<br />Analyse lebender Nervenzellen bedeutet Quantensprung für<br />Neurowissenschaften und Medikamentenentwicklung</b></p><br /><p id="s7nz">München, San Francisco, U. S. A. 11. Februar 2003<br /> Forscher von Infineon Technologies haben in Zusammenarbeit mit dem<br />Max-Planck-Institut durch einen neu entwickelten Bio-Sensorchip<br />direkten Kontakt zu lebenden Nervenzellen hergestellt. Der Neuro-Chip<br />nimmt elektrische Signale von lebenden Nervenzellen und Zellverbänden<br />auf, verarbeitet sie und gibt sie an ein Computersystem weiter. So<br />eröffnet der Neuro-Chip Forschern neue Einblicke in die biologische<br />Funktion von Nervenzellen, von biologischen neuronalen Netzen und<br />Hirngewebe. In der zellgestützten Medikamentenentwicklung werden<br />effiziente Tests zur Wirkung von Medikamenten auf lebende Zellen<br />machbar. Die ersten praktischen Messungen mit dem Neuro-Chip wurden<br />erfolgreich am Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie in Martinsried bei<br />München, Infineon's Projektpartner und einem der weltweit führenden<br />Institute im Bereich der Biowissenschaften, durchgeführt. </p><br /><p id="wo83" align="left"><br /></p> <p id="t7q4" align="left"><br />Aug.<br />15, 2002: During the height of the ‘Summer of the Abducted Child,’ the<br />Philadelphia Inquirer runs a front page story on the new "high-tech<br />approach to child security" -- i.e. the "chipping" of children.<br />Pointing to Applied Digital Solutions’ "prototype for an implantable<br />GPS unit that could pinpoint a child's location," the article asks:<br />"Would a parent really place a device under the skin of his or her<br />child to guard against a vague threat?" before offering ADS spokesman<br />MatthewCossolotto’s reply: "We have GPS units for our cars. If your car<br />is stolen, we can locate it. Do we love our cars more than our<br />children?" </p> <p id="hu.u" align="left"><br />March 7,<br />2003: An article in the Kansas City Star features University of Kansas<br />research professor Jerome Dobson "a respected leader in the field of<br />geographic information technologies" who warns that GPS technology<br />might lead to a form of "geoslavery" which could make "George Orwell's<br />'Big Brother' nightmare...look amateurish." </p> <p id="g_64"<br />align="left"><br />March 12, 2003: The BBC runs an article entitled<br />"Scientists develop 'brain chip,' which states that "US scientists say<br />a silicon chip could be used to replace thehippocampus , where the<br />storage of memories is coordinated." The testing, beginning on rats and<br />rapidly proceeding to monkeys, will ultimately be conducted on humans.<br /></p> <p id="ffd-" align="left"><br />June 2003: "In a few<br />months, researchers at the University of Southern California will test<br />the world's first prosthetic brain part," Popular Science asserts,<br />crediting biomedical engineer Theodore Berger with creating "a 2<br />mm-wide silicon chip that he hopes will one day substitute for damaged<br />or diseased brain regions." Potential military uses for the brain chip,<br />which is partially funded byDARPA , includes building "sophisticated<br />electronics" and integrating them into human brains to possibly "one<br />day lead to cyborg soldiers and robotic servants." </p> <p<br />id="n92y" align="left"><br />June 2003: In an article published on<br />DARPA's Web site, Dr. Alan Rudolph explains how the agency's "Brain<br />Machine Interfaces Program" will "create new technologies for<br />augmenting human performance" by "access[ing] codes in the brain" and<br />"integrat[ing] them into peripheral device or system operations.<br />[BuzzFlash] Though the article is no longer available (and the term<br />"brain interface program" is nowhere to be found) the link now directs<br />browsers to an article on "Human Assisted Neural Devices," which also<br />discusses accessing "codes in the brain." </p> <p id="z35m"<br />align="left"><span id="strc" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><span id="iexu" style="font-size:0;"><span<br />id="zj3k" style="font-size:0;"><span id="d_pe" style="color:<br />rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br /></span></span></span></span>Jan.<br />16, 2004: The headline, "Is It Possible to Download Knowledge into the<br />Brain?: Mind-machine interfaces will be available in the near future,<br />and several methods hold promise for implanting information" alerts<br />readers of <a id="f0ga"<br />href="http://www.betterhumans.com/Features/Ask_an_Expert/answer.aspx?articleID=2004-01-16-2">Better<br />Humans</a> to futuristic possiblities. </p> <p id="u82b"<br />align="left"><br />April 14, 2004: The Associated Press blasts the<br />headline "FDA Approves Brain Implant Devices." Citing benefits to those<br />with physical impairments and brain disease, scientist Richard Andersen<br />notes that "surgeons are already implanting devices into human brains<br />-- sometimes deeply -- to treat deafness and Parkinson's disease" and<br />says, "I think there is a consensus among many researchers that the<br />time is right to begin trials in humans." </p> <p id="vnhq"<br />align="left"><br />May 28, 2004: Reporting for the Chicago Tribune on<br />today’s "transhumanists" (those who believe we’re in a "transitional<br />phase between our human past and post-human future") Margie Wylie<br />asserts that "Humanity is on its way out." </p> <p id="g9if"<br />align="left"><br />June 25, 2004: Washington University reports that,<br />"For the first time in humans, a team headed by University researchers<br />has placed an electronic grid atop patients' brains to gather motor<br />signals that enable the patients to play a computer game using only the<br />signals from their brains." </p> <p id="e-t8" align="left"><br />July<br />12, 2004: Japanese school children will soon be tagged with tracking<br />devices, albeit non-intrusively, an article in CNETAsia explains. "The<br />rights and wrongs of RFID-chipping human beings have been debated since<br />the tracking tags reached the technological mainstream. Now, school<br />authorities in the Japanese city of Osaka have decided the benefits<br />outweigh the disadvantages and will now be chipping children in one<br />primary school," the article asserts. </p> <p id="t8vi"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="ns64"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="ulw3"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="xz64"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="ddgk" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p id="qt1h" style="font-family: tahoma;"><br /><br /><br />http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3R-4B4RXBH-2<br /><span id="iy6b"><b id="cut:">Electronic MEMS for triggered delivery.,</b></span><br />by Amy C. Richards Grayson, Rebecca Scheidt Shawgo, Yawen Li and Michael J. Cima;<br />Advanced<br />Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 56, Issue 2, 10 Feb. 2004, pp. 173-184,<br />Biosensing and Drug Delivery at the Microscale;<br />doi:10.1016/j.addr.2003.07.012<br />Abstract: Implantable electronic<br />devices such as pacemakers and neural implants are often used for<br />electrical stimulation. The usage ofmicrofabrication techniques to<br />produce microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has allowed engineers to<br />address a wider range of clinical indications. A new direction in the<br />area of MEMS technology is the goal of achieving pulsatile drug<br />delivery. The digital capabilities of MEMS may allow greater temporal<br />control over drug release compared to traditional polymer-based<br />systems, while the batch-processing techniques used in the<br />microelectronics industry can lead to greater device uniformity and<br />reproducibility than is currently available to the pharmaceutical<br />industry. A repertoire of structures, includingmicroreservoirs,<br />micropumps, valves, and sensors, is being developed that will provide a<br />strong foundation for the design of integrated, responsive MEMS for<br />drug delivery.<br /><span id="qvj4"><b id="bijb">2.1. Neural implants</b></span><br />The<br />electrical nature of MEMS devices makes them potentially useful for<br />applications whereby neural stimulation, recording, or interfacing is<br />desirable. Prostheses for neural stimulation are one of the more common<br />embodiments ofMEMS for neural implants.<br />Micromachined silicon<br />microprobes developed at the University of Michigan have come to be<br />widely used [16]. These microprobes allow stimulation of and recording<br />from neurons in the central nervous system [17, 18 and 19], as well as<br />delivery of chemicals at the cellular level [20]. Some researchers are<br />developing interfaces that will eliminate the need tohardwire these<br />microprobes to an external power supply and signal processing unit<br />[17]. Other types of implantable neural stimulators have been developed<br />for the treatment of chronic pain [21]. These devices are designed to<br />deliver a current stimulus to the region of the spinal cord that<br />corresponds to the painful portion of thepatient's body. The system<br />consists of the surgically implanted module, an external computer<br />system that is used by the physician to program the module through<br />induction, and an external switch that the patient uses to activate the<br />device.Polyimide sieve electrodes have also been used to stimulate and<br />regenerate peripheral nerve axons, while cuff electrodes can interface<br />with intact peripheral nerve bundlesnoninvasively in the absence of<br />physiological electrical activation, for example, in the case of a<br />spinal cord injury [22]. Other researchers have developed microprobes,<br />fabricated through electroplating and other microfabrication<br />procedures, which can be used to stimulate the deep-brain regions such<br />as the subthalamic nucleus [23]. These devices could be used in<br />patients with Parkinson's disease to reduce or eliminate tremors.<br />Neural<br />prostheses are also used for stimulation of paralyzed muscles in order<br />to prevent atrophy [24 and 25]. These devices have been shown to be<br />both safe and effective in animals, and have an exceedingly small<br />volume (approximately 100 times smaller than conventional cochlear<br />implants and pacemakers) that allows them to be implanted using a<br />catheter insertion tool. An implantable neural stimulator has also been<br />developed and tested in dogs as a treatment for incontinence<br />[26].Polyimide microelectrodes that are microfabricated via<br />spin-coating and either photolithography or dry etching have also been<br />used to record EMG signals from cockroaches during walking [27].<br />Other<br />researchers have focused on the interface between the neural implant<br />and the nerve cell itself and are exploring ways to improve the<br />integration between the implant and the physiological environment. For<br />example,microcontact printing (μCP) has been used to pattern<br />poly-Image-lysine self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold<br />microelectrode arrays in order to control the geometry of a neuronal<br />network grown in vitro [28]. Rat hippocampal neurons consistently grew<br />near the electrode regions that had the poly-Image-lysine SAMs ,<br />suggesting that this method may improve the likelihood and the fidelity<br />of recording electrical activity of the neuronal cells. Some work has<br />investigated the growth and function of dorsal root ganglia neurons on<br />a flexiblepolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate having 20-μm-wide<br />channels that contain electrodes made from a conducting polymer<br />hydrogel (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with<br />poly-(styrenesulfonate) [29]. The polymer hydrogel electrodes had lower<br />impedance than electrodes made out of other materials typically used<br />for neural recordings, indicating better sensitivity for recording<br />nerve signals at physiological frequencies. Directed cell growth of the<br />neurons along the channels was achieved onPDMS substrates that were<br />coated with laminin. The low impedance, large charge delivery capacity,<br />and ability to chemically modify the hydrogel, as well as the<br />flexibility of the PDMS substrate, may offer significant advantages<br />over neural MEMS based solely on silicon and traditional<br />microfabrication materials. A polyimide-based biohybrid device has also<br />been developed that consists of a sieve-shaped stimulating microprobe<br />that is seeded with gene-manipulated neural cells that have an<br />increased resistance to apoptosis [30]. This device is designed for<br />implantation and outgrowth of the seeded nerve cells to create a<br />junction with a particular skeletal muscle of interest, in the case<br />where the motor neuron andneuromuscular junction necessary for movement<br />of skeletal muscle are absent.<br /><br /></p> <ul id="v84_"><br /><li id="k22l">16. http://www.engin.umich.edu/center/cnct/<br /></li><li id="lgnx">17. A BiCMOS wireless interface chip for<br />micromachined stimulating microprobes., by M. Ghovanloo, K. Beach, K.D.<br />Wise and K. Najafi,<br />In: 2nd Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special<br />Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, IEEE,<br />Piscataway, NJ (2002), pp. 277–282.<br /></li><li<br />id="c8-z">18. A 16-channel CMOS neural stimulating array., by S.J.<br />Tanghe and K.D. Wise, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 27 (1992), pp.<br />1819–1825.<br /></li><li id="b_qn">19. A 64-site multishank<br />CMOS low-profile neural stimulating probe., by C. Kim and K.D. Wise,<br />IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 31 (1996), pp. 1230–1238.<br /></li><li<br />id="z_mm">20. A multichannel neural probe for selective chemical<br />delivery at the cellular level., by J. Chen and K.D. Wise,<br />In:<br />Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop, The Foundation, Cleveland<br />Heights, Ohio (1994), pp. 256–259. </li><li id="o_b1">21. A<br />miniaturized implantable spinal cord microstimulator for treating<br />intractable pain., by J. Mouïne and K.A. Ammar,<br />In: 1st Annual<br />International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnology in<br />Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000), pp. 630–634.<br /></li><li<br />id="x3pc">22. Biomedical microdevices for neural interfaces., by<br />J.-U. Meyer, M. Schüttler, H. Thielecke and T. Stieglitz,<br />In: 1st<br />Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on<br />Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000),<br />pp. 447–453.<br /></li><li id="kv-0">23. Micromachined probes for deep-brain stimulation., by P.S. Motta and J.W. Judy,<br />In:<br />1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on<br />Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000),<br />pp. 251–254. </li><li id="f-hf">24. Design and fabrication<br />of hermetic microelectronic implants., by G.E. Loeb, J.R. Richmond,<br />W.H. Moore and R.A. Peck,<br />In: 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS<br />Special Topic Conference on Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology,<br />IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000), pp. 455–459.<br /></li><li<br />id="p-od">25. Effects of regional stimulation using a miniature<br />stimulator implanted in feline posterior biceps femoris., by T.<br />Cameron, F.J.R. Richmond and G.E. Loeb,<br />IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 45 (1998), pp. 1036–1043.<br /></li><li<br />id="m00h">26. Implantable selective stimulator to improve bladder<br />voiding: design and chronic experiments in dogs., by S. Boyer, M.<br />Sawan, M. Abdel-Gawad, S. Robin and M.M. Elhilali,<br />IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8 (2000), pp. 464–470.<br /></li><li<br />id="d7q1">27. Fabrication and test of implantable thin-film<br />electrodes for stimulation and recording of biological systems., by A.<br />Metz, F. Oppliger, R. Holzer, B. Buisson, D. Bertrand and P. Renaud,<br />In:<br />1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on<br />Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000),<br />pp. 619–623. </li><li id="n-1a">28. Gold surface<br />microelectrode arrays permit geometrical control of neuronal networks<br />via thiol linking chemistry., by Y. Nam, B.C. Wheeler and G. Brewer,<br />In:<br />2nd Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on<br />Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2002),<br />pp. 132–135.<br /></li><li id="yp_n">29. Polymer hydrogel<br />microelectrodes for neural communication., by T. Nyberg, O. Inganäs and<br />H. Jerregård, Biomed. Microdevices 4 (2002), pp. 43–52.<br /></li><li<br />id="yn3:">30. A biohybrid microprobe for implanting into the<br />peripheral nervous system., by J.-U. Meyer, T. Stieglitz, H.H. Ruf, A.<br />Robitzki, V. Dabouras, K. Wewetzer and T. Brinker,<br />In: 2nd Annual<br />International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies<br />in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2002), pp. 265–268.<br /></li> </ul><br /><br /><br /><p id="rcio" style="font-family:arial;"><span id="vifa"<br />style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" ><span<br />id="ym4e"><span id="kjwp"><span id="xhph" style="color:<br />rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span<br />id="lvx1">http://www.draper.com/biomedtech/biomedtech.html<br /><b id="d1ca">Draper Laboratory’s biomedical engineering capabilities </b><br />are<br />being applied to the development of first-of-a-kind biomedical devices<br />and technologies for applications in health care diagnostics,<br />therapeutics, and national defense. The largest collaboration in which<br />Draper currently is involved is the Center for Integration of Medicine<br />and Innovative Technology (CIMIT), of which we are a founding member<br />with Partners HealthCare and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology<br />(MIT). Other important partnerships include collaborations with<br />Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; with academic groups at MIT,<br />Harvard University, and Tufts University; and with commercial companies<br />in the sensing and pharmaceuticals businesses. Biomedical applications<br />such as point-of-care diagnostic sensors and drug delivery devices<br />require a wide range of technical expertise and engineering<br />disciplines, and the Laboratory has strong capabilities in many of<br />these domains. Interdisciplinary groups of mechanical engineers,MEMS<br />fabrication experts, chemists, and systems engineers are designing<br />high-precision miniature components and devices for implantable sensors<br />and drug delivery systems. For implantable use, small size and low<br />power are crucial; microelectronics design engineers are developing<br />low-power electronics which minimize volume and enable insertion of<br />devices into locations such as the eye and ear for a variety of<br />therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Novelmicrofluidic devices,<br />which function as small pumps and valves, are being designed and<br />fabricated in the MEMS laboratory; these components are approximately<br />20 times smaller than commercially available hardware with similar<br />functionality and performance. Packaging of small implantable and<br />diagnostic devices is accomplished using advanced sealing and packaging<br />techniques andbiocompatible materials and processes. Many biomedical<br />engineering projects are conducted at the nexus of biology,<br />microfabrication technology, and computation. Such multidisciplinary<br />efforts include the fabrication of replacement tissues and organs for<br />therapeutic applications such as transplantation, the advancement of<br />tools for drug discovery, and the construction of testbeds for the<br />de</span></span></span></span></span><span<br />id="l875" style="font-size:85%;">velopment of vaccines against<br />infectious diseases and biological warfare agents.<br /></span></p> <p id="lboi" style="font-family:arial;"><span id="vy6u" style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span></p> <span id="j4m9" style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><br /><p id="fq_:" style="font-family:arial;"><span id="h2t9"<br />style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <p id="cvr1"<br />style="font-family:arial;"><span id="zhdp"<br />style="font-size:85%;"><a id="xmot"<br />href="http://www.stens-biofeedback.com/main.html">http://www.stens-biofeedback.com/main.html</a><br />O</span><span<br />id="h.8o" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);font-size:85%;" ><span id="gbau"><span<br />id="b3bq"><span id="s_u2" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><span id="oi2n"><b id="l1i.">ne Comprehensive<br />Biofeedback Solution - One Clear Choice</b></span><br /><span<br />id="jdbw">Only one biofeedback provider delivers such breadth of<br />professional training programs and equipment. Every Stens workshop is<br />devoted to hands-on training with the most advanced computerized,<br />wireless and stand-alone biofeedback and neurofeedback systems making<br />it easy for clinicians to experience the truly best system for their<br />practice. Stens is the oldest and most established nationally<br />accredited workshop; you’ll learn with the most experienced teachers<br />and earn the most didactic hours forBCIA. It's easy to see why there's<br />only one clear choice when it comes to biofeedback </span><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p<br />id="s2sh" style="font-family:arial;"><span id="tn36"<br />style="font-size:85%;"> </span></p> <p<br />id="t.fm"><span id="bvfr" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="v6g3" style="font-size:0;"><span id="fyl8"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="nrz9" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="u.ow"<br />href="http://www.skiltopo.com/">http://www.skiltopo.com/</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="vns1"><span id="f6ki" style="background-color: rgb(255,<br />255, 255);"><span id="vth-" style="font-size:0;"><span<br />id="kl7a" style="font-size:0;"><span id="ctp4" style="color:<br />rgb(0, 0, 0);">The SKIL Report Generator assists evaluation of<br />clients for neurofeedback training. This software program is not<br />intended for medical use.<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p<br />id="d_.:"> </p> <p id="uj6b"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="khzh"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="vjo:"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="zzzh"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="erjh" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="kesx"<br />href="http://www.elixa.com/">http://www.elixa.com</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="m.tm" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="za5."<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="joa4"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="nwlz"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="u46k" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><span id="t5nj"<br />style=";font-family:geneva,arial,helvetica;font-size:85%;" ><b<br />id="du_q"><span id="z2r1" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />255);">Elixa</span></b> has evolved as the result of<br />over 30 years of research into <b id="b:xy">natural methods of<br />attaining optimal well-being</b>. Since 1988, we have provided<br /><b id="f53_">cutting-edge products and easy-to-use<br />information</b> that let you take control of your physical and<br />mental health. We recommend only those items and methods that we have<br />personally tested and researched.</span><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p<br />id="m6o9" style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="x75r"<br />style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="ad9y"<br />style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="dy50"<br />style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="e40o"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="n5p:"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="g70l"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="qkh2" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="fst1"<br />href="http://www.brainmaster.com/index.html">http://www.brainmaster.com/index.html</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="a7jp" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="ky4g"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="hdi9"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="vasi"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="xi5y" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><span id="b.vh"<br />style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Sans-serif,sans-serif;"><b<br />id="cvzg">BrainMaster Technologies, Inc.</b></span><br /></span></span></span></span></p> <p<br />id="hksu" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span id="b277"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="hxq9"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="td3t"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="iqvw" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><span id="tzdi"<br />style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Sans-serif,sans-serif;">We<br />are a medical and consumer device and systems developer and<br />manufacturer incorporating more than 30 years of experience in medical<br />and industrial electronics, software, systems engineering, and fitness<br />and health care products. We are leaders in the areas of personal<br />fitness, EEG (electroencephalograph) brainwave training, brain modification<br />technology, and clinical and personalneurofeedback. <span id="we5z"<br />style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Sans-serif,sans-serif;">Our<br />mission is to develop and provide state-of-the-art devices and systems<br />for the improvement of mental functioning and the awareness of brain<br />states, and to make these products available for widespread use. We<br />believe that we are part of a revolution in consciousness and brain<br />technology that is opening promising new avenues for the full<br />expression of human potential.</span> <span id="xf1b"<br />style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Sans-serif,sans-serif;">We<br />develop and/or provide EEG-based equipment, software, systems,<br />publications and training directed toward the emerging fields<br />ofneurofeedback, mental fitness, peak performance, and brain<br />modification technology. </span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="kb.i"> </p> <p id="gzrc"><span id="dp_g"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="fnpi"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="s7xc"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="gd-b" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><span id="ef.y" style="font-size:85%;"><a id="ccuj"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/">http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/</a></span></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="just" id="qu38" align="left"><span class="title"<br />id="dyaa"><span id="j2s1" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="oibj" style="font-size:0;"><span id="xmtz"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="fqhl" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);">NeuroGuide EEG Software:<br /></span></span></span></span></span><span<br />id="ng9i" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span<br />id="ltc5" style="font-size:0;"><span id="e00_"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="vxxq" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);">Accuracy, Simplicity, Flexibility<br /></span></span></span></span></p> <ul<br />id="fuus"> <li id="bgep"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="vb7b"><span id="r9xm" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="wjt_" style="font-size:0;"><span id="chd:"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="s_-d" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);">Dynamic Normative EEG Comparisons in real-time during<br />editing</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="j6f0"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="vjc7"><span id="qa7g" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="foe7" style="font-size:0;"><span id="i9j4"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="b7vs" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);">Automatic Artifact Rejection with Manual Editing<br />Capability</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="ok9g"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="qutj"><span id="cfdn" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="m_vm" style="font-size:0;"><span id="vagh"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="zu4y" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="c4o2"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/EEG%20Formats.jpg">Multiple<br />EEG File Imports </a>Calibrated by Microvolt sine<br />waves</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="usnp"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="f1v5"><span id="q-x9" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="z7-we" style="font-size:0;"><span<br />id="k9_k" style="font-size:0;"><span id="zzo6" style="color:<br />rgb(0, 0, 0);"><a id="po6:"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/ReliabilityWEB.htm">Instantaneous<br />Split-Half Reliability and Test Re-Test<br />Reliability</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="m4d6"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="v1bu"><span id="fs_s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="aa.o" style="font-size:0;"><span id="b_pd"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="nttd" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="e9xc"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/LSNDBweb.htm">Eyes Open and<br />Eyes Closed Lifespan Norms</a> for different common and bipolar<br />references</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="ntk5"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="i_ca"><span id="j:pd" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="hvre" style="font-size:0;"><span id="m4tx"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="anee" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="e90z"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Coherence,%20phase,%20&%20other%20analysesWEB.htm">Compute<br />EEG coherence, phase delays, amplitude asymmetry</a> &<br />power</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="myup"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="uqa:"><span id="aqv_" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="xsv8" style="font-size:0;"><span id="rv1b"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="gxc1" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="n_gx"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/LORETA%20Zscores.JPG">Export<br />to the Key Institute LORETA Equation & Talairach<br />Atlas</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="c1ea"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="rq2h"><span id="ruua" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="pjss" style="font-size:0;"><span id="a7oa"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="i:-l" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="z4ox"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/LORETA%20EXPORTS.jpg">Time<br />Domain Output Files Formatted for Easy Import to LORETA Key<br />Inst.</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="wkr1"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="nk_4"><span id="dgkr" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="jp7w" style="font-size:0;"><span id="glkr"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="qk8w" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="jhni"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/LORETA%20EXPORTS.jpg">EEG<br />Filter Selections - Band pass, band stop, hi-pass and low-pass flexible<br />settings</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="x16k"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="rv.i"><span id="w.zo" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="b.h2" style="font-size:0;"><span id="t28y"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="rt:k" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="y8:3"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/LORETA%20EXPORTS.jpg">Tab<br />Delimited Output Files for easy importing into other programs</a><br /></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="nza7"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="gnnu"><span id="vx4j" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="j1b2" style="font-size:0;"><span id="h3ct"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="fmrh" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="p401"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/NeuroStat-Example-Web.htm">NeuroStat<br />package </a>- pre vs. post treatment analysis & group<br />comparisons (add on to the base<br />price).</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="ag0:"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="f1be"><span id="fslv" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="qwer" style="font-size:0;"><span id="q-yt"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="nzfh" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="d_9r"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/NeuroBatch_Control.jpg">NeuroBatch<br />programs</a> for automatic processing of large numbers of EEG<br />files (add on to the base<br />price).</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="pg:6"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="wb6:"><span id="wfxr" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="h8ny" style="font-size:0;"><span id="a7-q"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="l5s_" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="pc5h"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Montage%20Create.jpg">Raw<br />or Edited EEG Printouts of Different Montage Selections</a><a<br />id="mxcw"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Montage%20Create.jpg"><br /></a>for Conventional EEG<br />Analyses</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="vpyh"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="usjw"><span id="qs0l" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="ms1c" style="font-size:0;"><span id="bl7q"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="msvy" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="r13."<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Report%20Preferences%20Raw%20&%20Z.jpg">FFT<br />using a 0.5 Hz resolution and 1 Hz Color Maps </a>from 0 to 50<br />Hz</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="qsdf"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="o5zm"><span id="q5g4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="vapi" style="font-size:0;"><span id="at3e"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="ylmr" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="lr48"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/LORETA%20EXPORTS.jpg">Export<br />edited EEG in Lexicor file format and ASCII<br /></a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="hh-v"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="e_oh"><span id="vz6d" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="dlfm" style="font-size:0;"><span id="t23h"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="x_3q" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="wttz"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/LORETA%20EXPORTS.jpg">FFT<br />Normative Power Ratios and Peak Frequency in Different<br />Bands</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="hryt"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="syfl"><span id="qigz" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="pewp" style="font-size:0;"><span id="soc4"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="gjpd" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="p018"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Discriminant.htm">Mild Head<br />Injury Discriminant Function and TBI EEG Severity Index</a> (add<br />on to the base<br />price)</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="esox"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="yl:v"><span id="m.te" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="fmi1" style="font-size:0;"><span id="feiq"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="o00b" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="oz:-"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Discriminant.htm">Learning<br />Disability Discriminant Function</a> (add on to the base<br />price)</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="lnlh"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="ffao"><span id="gm.s" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="qwhq" style="font-size:0;"><span id="h23o"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="ci_t" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="y4de"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Source%20Localization.htm">LORETA<br />normative databases</a><a id="yylc"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Source%20Localization.html"><br />= </a>eyes open and eyes closed - birth to 82 years (add on to<br />the base<br />price).</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="ackz"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="m3q-"><span id="zb7g" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="mbb4" style="font-size:0;"><span id="z7yy"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="fl63" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="osmi"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Source%20Localization.htm">LORETA<br />Statistics - Paired t-tests, independent t-tests, group t-tests,<br />descriptive<br />statistics</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="xhyi"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="q8n0"><span id="pv35" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="zd2p" style="font-size:0;"><span id="etv5"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="lc4w" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="aklt"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Single%20Channel%20Analysis.JPG">Single<br />channel examination </a>with a mouse click and<br />joint-time-frequency-analysis (JTFA)<br /></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="t3hs"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="j1b4"><span id="l36w" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="sxz-" style="font-size:0;"><span id="g:66"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="v:e8" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="ebuw"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Neuropsych.htm">Brain<br />Performance Index </a>– Prediction of Neuropsychological test<br />scores (add on to the base<br />price)</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="hx.8"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="y2qf"><span id="tspa" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="et5c" style="font-size:0;"><span id="lfq."<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="bxfa" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="w.vy"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Brodmann%20Area%20Hypotheses.jpg">LORETA<br />Brodman area statistical hypotheses</a> prior to computing<br />LORETA</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="suw_"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="p-xa"><span id="ou1a" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="y6jy" style="font-size:0;"><span id="ze77"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="p3an" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="diqk"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/TopoMapsWEB.htm">Multiple<br />Color Topographic Maps<br /></a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="iex6"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="d67r"><span id="aj_3" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="e23w" style="font-size:0;"><span id="zozg"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="t7ha" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="y_ro" href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/Preferences-TopomapsZ.jpg">Select<br />from Different Topographic Map Colors and Z Score<br />Ranges</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="w8-e"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="z3w8"><span id="q.28" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="fyj4" style="font-size:0;"><span id="sx4y"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="s3e4" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="y:xr"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/LORETA%20Source%20CorrelationsWEB.htm">LORETA<br />3-Dimensional Source Correlation</a>s with Brodmann Areas and<br />Talairach Atlas<br />Coordinates</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="hj9a"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="jp0t"><span id="p016" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="z6l4" style="font-size:0;"><span id="ic4b"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="w06x" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="oe8u"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/JTFA-Change%20Parameters-abs.JPG">Joint-Time<br />Frequency-Analysis (JTFA) for Time and Frequency Analyses of<br />EEG</a></span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="czb0"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="lu53"><span id="eca9" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="s5mr" style="font-size:0;"><span id="wqwa"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="tnvn" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);">Video Recording Synchronized to the<br />EEG</span></span></span></span></p><br /></li><li id="yf4v"> <p class="MsoNormal"<br />id="bb4l"><span id="mizy" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,<br />255);"><span id="ilnk" style="font-size:0;"><span id="h6-y"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="qj9d" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><a id="jt1h"<br />href="http://www.appliedneuroscience.com/JTFA-CD-AbsPower-Z.JPG">Dynamic<br />Time-Frequency Z Scores </a>to Facilitate Visual Examination of<br />the<br />EEG</span></span></span></span></p></li><br /></ul> <p id="zrad"> </p> <p id="ad2."<br />style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p> <p id="tekm"><span<br />id="r7qu" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span<br />id="vxrv" style="font-size:0;"><span id="xicd"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="udbd" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);">http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/11/01/BUTBT44A2.DTL&type=business</span></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="headlines" id="r5r1"><span id="vsw8"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="i04c"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="iooe"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="x_q." style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><b id="l.v6">Cal physicists make a radio 10,000 times<br />thinner than a human<br />hair</b></span></span></span></span></p><br /><p class="byline" id="qdag"><span id="f4.m"<br />style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="i1f9"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="jaz3"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="jz-y" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);">by Bernadette Tansey, SF Gate, San Francisco Chronicle Staff<br />Writer, Thursday, Nov 1,<br />2007</span></span></span></span></p><br /><p id="pot-" style="font-family:tahoma;"><span class="georgia<br />md" id="bodytext"><span id="yyth" style="background-color:<br />rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span id="rkm4"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="j3m_"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="blli" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);">Physicists at UC Berkeley say they have produced the world's<br />smallest radio out of a single carbon nanotube that is 10,000 times<br />thinner than a human hair. Professor Alex Zettl led a team that<br />developed the minuscule filament, which can be tuned to receive AM or<br />FM transmissions. <span class="georgia md" id="i0y:839">Zettl<br />Research Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of<br />California at Berkeley Zettl said the device, built by graduate student<br />Kenneth Jensen, is the first radio within the size range of<br />nanotechnology, which covers inventions no larger than 100 billionths<br />of a meter. Thenanoradio is 100 billion times smaller than the first<br />commercial radios of the early 20th century. It is a thousand times<br />smaller than the most minute radios in use today, which are based on<br />silicon chip technology.The research team has no commercial partners<br />yet, butZettl said the practical applications of the nanoradio could<br />include cell phones, climate-monitoring systems and radio-controlled<br />diagnostic probes that could move through the human bloodstream. As<br />long as 10 years ago, scientists had managed to build individual<br />components of a radio on thenanoscale, he said. But Zettl and his<br />colleagues figured out how to make a single nanotube perform all the<br />functions of a radio: It serves as an antenna, tuner, amplifier and<br />demodulator. The demodulator eliminates any frequencies from a radio<br />transmission except the signal to be played, such as a song. <span<br />class="georgia md" id="i0y:849">The nanotube can also function as a<br />transmitter. Theoretically, thousands of nanoradios distributed through<br />the air or in the bloodstream could send back signals about air quality<br />or the state of a patient's cells, Zettl said. Carbon nanotubes are<br />immensely strong compounds made of carbon atoms linked in a structure<br />that looks like chicken wire. The carbon sheets can be formed into<br />hollow tubes.Zettl's research team tweaked the nanotube structures and<br />found that multi-walled cylinders - tubes within tubes - were better<br />for picking up AM and FM transmissions. Single-wallednanotubes were<br />best for receiving the frequencies used in cell phones. The team built<br />a transmitter in the lab based on conventional electronics, and first<br />proved that thenanoradio could pick up and play "Layla" about 10 months<br />ago. But the scientists held the news for publication in the journal<br />Nano Letters, which posted it online on Wednesday. Along with Jensen<br />and Zettl, the co-authors of the paper were UC Berkeley postdoctoral<br />fellow Jeff Weldon and physics graduate student Henry Garcia. The<br />project was funded by the National Science Foundation and the<br />Department of Energy.</span></span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></p><br /><span class="georgia md" id="i0y:862"> <p id="fda9"<br />style="font-family: tahoma;"> </p></span><span<br />id="q_e5" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><span<br />id="lexf" style="font-size:0;"><span id="nsfh"<br />style="font-size:0;"><span id="ebid" style="color: rgb(0, 0,<br />0);"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-13399263512991468452008-07-16T19:14:00.006+02:002008-07-16T20:05:45.244+02:00Human Weapon Systems<b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana;" id="w1zz"><u id="fp20">Human Weapon Systems<br /><br /><br /><br /></u></b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" id="yesy" >http://oraclesyndicate.twoday.net/stories/406108</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" id="u_jh" ><b id="c4hm"><br /></b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Menschliche Waffensysteme;</span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" id="yg2y" ><br />by Stephan Fuchs, Donnerstag, 18. November 2004, Factum Magazin</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;font-size:78%;" id="t6kk" ><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:78%;" ><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Figuren, die man bisher nur aus Science-fiction Filmen wie „Universal Soldier“, „Terminator“ oder „Starship Troopers“ kennt, sollen das Schlachtfeld der Zukunft dominieren. Für die DARPA, der amerikanischen Forschungsstätte für Kriegstechnik, hat die Zukunft bereits begonnen und wird die Soldaten über kurz oder lang dazu zwingen das restliche Stück Mensch sein abzugeben. </span></span><b id="eptf"><br /></b></span> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;" id="hp1w"><span id="mt_y" style="font-size:78%;">Soldaten waren schon immer das schwächste, unzuverlässigste und labilste Glied in der Kette der militärischen Maschinerie. Ein ausführlich dokumentiertes Beispiel ist ein Ereignis des ersten Weltkrieges 1914 bei Flandern. Deutsche Soldaten harren in einem Stellungskrieg nur wenige hundert Meter vor ihren britischen, französischen und belgischen Gegnern in den Schützengräben aus. Hunderttausende von jungen Männern sind bis zum Dezember 1914 bereits gefallen und die Front scheint aussichtslos festgefahrenen zu sein. Neu aufgetauchte Bilder dokumentieren einen bis dahin noch nie dagewesenen Greuel. Die in der Kälte erstarrten Leichen und Kadaver wagt niemand mehr zu bergen, zu groß ist die Gefahr dabei selbst erschossen zu werden. Am Weihnachtsmorgen jedoch spielen sich groteske Szenen ab. Soldaten beider Seiten halten bemalte Schilder hoch, auf denen sie sich gegenseitig „Merry X-mas“ und „frohe Weihnachten“ wünschen. Die ersten verlassen daraufhin ihre Stellungen. Kein Schuss fällt. Gemeinsam beginnen die verfeindeten Soldaten die Toten zu bergen und zu beerdigen. Doch dabei bleibt es nicht, die Soldaten singen gemeinschaftlich bekannte Weihnachtslieder. Am nächsten morgen werden sogar Geschenke ausgetauscht und Familienfotos herumgezeigt. Man trinkt zusammen und spielt im Niemandsland des Schlachtfeldes Fußball. Der kleine Frieden im großen Krieg ist filigran. Zwei Tage später, auf massiven Druck durch die Heeresleitung mit Exekutionskommandos, wird wieder geschossen. Das Morden geht weiter, als wäre nichts geschehen.<br />Im Auftrag der Armee untersuchte er, Dave Grossmann wie man die Tötungsrate kriegsführender Soldaten erhöhen kann. Dabei stellte er fest, dass der Soldat eine tief sitzende Hemmung hat einen anderen Menschen zu töten. Bei Feindberührung werde vielfach gezielt danebengeschossen, als Ersatzhandlung unnötig nachgeladen, etc. Wörtlich: "Die Soldaten sind bereit zu sterben, sie sind bereit, sich für ihre Nation zu opfern, aber sie sind offenkundig nicht ohne Weiteres bereit zu töten." Eigentlich, aus ziviler Sicht, ist diese Aussage ein Funken der Hoffnung. Aus militärischer Sicht ist sein Untersuchungsergebnis aber eine große Katastrophe. Man hat bislang alles versucht: Physischer Druck, psychischer Druck, emotioneller Druck, Drogen aller art , der Faktor Mensch bleibt, wohl Gottgegeben, bestehen.<br /></span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Tahoma;" id="khu6"><span id="igpa" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="gr16">Kampfmaschinen: </b><br />Dies wird sich nun ändern. In amerikanischen, sehr wahrscheinlich aber auch in russischen, chinesischen, japanischen und europäischen Labors , wird intensiv und mit großem finanziellem Aufwand am Kämpfer von morgen gewerkelt: Der menschlichen Kampfmaschine. Die menschliche Kampfmaschine wird über kurz oder lang das Schlachtfeld betreten und Soldaten, so heißt es in einer Vision des Pentagon für das Jahr 2020, müßten «schneller, tödlicher und präziser» werden.</span></p> <p id="zce." style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="qaxb" style="font-size:78%;"><b style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: verdana;" id="ru32">BIO INFO MICRO</b><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:verdana;" >:<br />Der Forschungsbereich "Persistance in Combat" kümmert sich um die schnelle Wiederherstellung verletzter Soldaten. Wer sich selbst behandeln, Blutungen stoppen, und überdurchschnittliche Schmerzen ertragen kann, ist postwendend wieder einsatzbereit und kann weiterkämpfen. Kämpfen mit Verletzungen, kämpfen wie ein Terminator… „BIO: INFO: MICRO“ , eines der Programme unter der Leitung von Dr. Eric Eisenstadt, in welches die DARPA in den kommenden zwei Jahren noch einmal 24 Millionen Dollar investieren darf, will Mensch und Maschine zu militärischen Zwecken verbinden. Nach den ermutigenden Versuchen mit navigierbaren Ratten soll durch Mikrochips oder andere Implantate, Kriegsgerät vom Kopf aus gesteuert werden - und der einfache Soldat ebenfalls. Noch interessanter ist freilich der umgekehrte Weg, denn wenn etwas ins Gehirn hineingegeben werden kann, müsste es schließlich auch möglich sein, etwas aus dem Gehirn herauszuholen. Noch einmal Dr. Eisenstadt: „Wer weiß, wenn wir dem Gehirn heimlich zuhören können, dann können wir vielleicht auch Betrug von Ehrlichkeit und Wahrheit von Erfindung unterscheiden. Was wäre das für ein Lügendetektor!“</span><br /><br /><br /></span></p> <p id="a6.y" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />http://www.oki.com/jp/FSC/ics/en/gaiyou.html#function<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">OKI's FSE (Face Sensing Engine) is a middleware for embedding purposes offering a sensing function for human faces from animated pictures.</span><br />Among others, the product realizes highly accurate face image processing, a compact program (Face area detection/tracking only: 115KB, all function: 393KB) and multi-platform support, not to mention the processing performance that is of top class in the industry. FSE supports a wide range of applications using built-in cameras of cell phones and other terminals. Examples for these applications are the limitation of access to terminals or visual communication such as by image mail or video phone.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-54708003456249675532008-07-16T19:10:00.002+02:002008-07-16T19:14:41.554+02:00Sleeper Agent Development<p id="ywja" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><b id="ceaz"><u id="x85v">Sleeper Agent Development</u></b></p> <p id="op9d" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><br /></p> <p id="yu:g" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="rvra" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="h1:n">Sleeper agent;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />In fiction, particularly science fiction, sleeper agents fall into two categories. The first is an extension of the real world sleeper agent where an enemy agent is substituted for a person already in a trusted position. The second and more common category involve people who have been subjected to mind control techiques, such as drugs, torture, <span class="mw-redirect" id="a_._">psychological conditioning</span>, implanted devices, and even <span class="mw-redirect" id="q-rc">telepathic</span> manipulation who then are either released, or allowed to escape back to friendly territory. These sleeper agents are then used by enemy forces to spy, conduct sabotage, assassinate certain targets, or for other operations the enemy has in mind for them. The substitution sleeper agent was often surgically altered to appear as someone else but more recent versions tend toward androids or clones. Activation of the second kind of sleeper is, at least in novels and stories, done by approaching the agent and uttering a long ago memorized password or <span class="mw-redirect" id="gxhn">pass phrase</span>, or by mailing a postcard with a significant picture to the sleeper. Once a sleeper becomes active, counter intelligence agencies can, at least in principle, become aware of the sleeper as intelligence is collected and transmitted, as instructions are passed, and so on. <span class="mw-headline" id="ma:v">Examples</span><br />There are a number of examples of sleeper agents found in science fiction and other forms of entertainment. Examples of sleeper agents include:</span></p> <ul id="q2bh" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="ze-b"><span id="qk:h" style="font-size:78%;">In <i id="ssha">Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror</i> (1942) it is revealed that the Voice of Terror is really a German officer who was used because of his strong resemblance to a captured British officer. The substitution occurred during WWI. </span></li> </ul> <ul id="d7jd" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="bh8n"><span id="jcbg" style="font-size:78%;">In <i id="ce2b">Black Dragons</i> (1942) a doctor is hired to use plastic surgery to alter Japanese officers into the images of key American Industrialists. Once Japan attacks Pearl Harbor they go about slowing down production and having accidents happen at their plants. </span></li> </ul> <ul id="ifmd" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="kg4t"><span id="nzjo" style="font-size:78%;">One of the earlier uses of the second type of sleeper agents in fiction is in Richard Condon's 1959 novel, <i id="ceds">The Manchurian Candidate</i>, which has twice been adapted to film. Both the original and the remake is about a group of people 'programmed' to be sleeper agents. One of the sleeper agents is part of a Presidential election campaign, which if won will produce a Vice President controlled by sinister forces. One of his fellows would then be ordered to assassinate the President, allowing these forces to control the Executive Branch of Government. </span></li> </ul> <ul id="km9x" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="cklw"><span id="z1my" style="font-size:78%;">In the <i id="y7fl"><span class="mw-redirect" id="xda-">Outer Limits</span></i> episode "Hundred Days of the Dragon" a chemical that allows flesh to be molded like clay for a short time is used to allow a Chinese officer replace a candidate that eventually becomes President. </span></li> </ul> <ul id="h.q9" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="dd_j"><span id="cc45" style="font-size:78%;">In the <span class="mw-redirect" id="g8xh">Six Million Dollar Man</span>/<span class="new" id="t-0l">The Bionic Woman/Bionic Woman</span> crossover "Kill Oscar" it is revealed that Oscar Goldman has standing orders to be killed rather than rescued for fear the enemy would turn him into a double agent. In disobeying that order Steve Austin unknowingly brings back an android sleeper agent. </span></li> </ul> <ul id="foks" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="btzv"><span id="ft8s" style="font-size:78%;">The plot of Walter Wager's novel <i id="ld:l">Telefon</i> and its subsequent film adaptation revolved around long-term, deep-cover sleeper agents planted by the Soviet Union all over the United States in the 1950s; spies so thoroughly </span><span id="mcei" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:78%;color:#810081;" >brainwashed</span><span id="cu:d" style="font-size:78%;"> that even they didn't know they were agents; they could only be activated by a special code phrase (a line from Robert Frost's poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"). Their mission was to sabotage crucial parts of the civil and military infrastructure in the event of nuclear war. </span></li> </ul> <ul id="tl7t" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="sju1"><span id="ol4v" style="font-size:78%;">In the season 3 finale of the 2004 sci-fi series <i id="h:w.">Battlestar Galactica</i>, it is revealed that <span class="mw-redirect" id="pw8m">Samuel T. Anders</span>, Tory Foster, Saul Tigh and Galen Tyrol are Cylon sleeper agents. </span></li> </ul> <ul id="k01m" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="f8dd"><span id="rlju" style="font-size:78%;">In the video game <i id="mtmf">BioShock</i>, it is discovered that the player's embryo was genetically modified with mind control, which was later used by Atlas to his advantage in order to kill Andrew Ryan. </span></li> </ul> <ul id="jdyw" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="rkd0"><span id="xpd2" style="font-size:78%;">In BBC sci-fi drama "Torchwood", where humanoid <span class="mw-redirect" id="iett">androids</span> are used to gather intel and eliminate the city of Cardiff and eventually the world. </span></li> </ul> <ul id="uq15" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="mph-"><span id="k:3y" style="font-size:78%;">Renowned NJ salesman <span class="new" id="fcak">Jack C. Phillips Jr</span> is also a notorious sleeper and flip-flop wearer.</span> </li> </ul> <span id="hhdt" style="font-family: Tahoma;font-size:78%;" ><br /></span> <p id="upc7" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="vkh7" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="ip2h">History of Soviet and Russian espionage in the United States;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />Since the late 1920s, the Soviet Union, through its OGPU and NKVD intelligence services, used Russians and foreign-born nationals as well as Communist and left-leaning Americans to perform espionage activities in the United States. These various espionage networks eventually succeeded in penetrating various U.S. government agencies, transmitting classified or confidential information to Moscow, while influencing U.S. government officials to support policies favorable to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union's greatest espionage achievement was in obtaining plans and specifications for the U.S. atomic bomb.</span></p> <p id="lnj6" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><br /><span id="oqhy" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="s6i7">Venona project;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /><u id="do8e">The Venona project</u> was a long-running and highly secret collaboration between intelligence agencies of the United States and United Kingdom that involved the cryptanalysis of messages sent by several intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union, mostly during World War II. There were known to be at least 13 code words for this effort used by the U.S. and UK. "Venona" was the last one used. It has no known meaning. (In the decrypted documents issued from the National Security Agency, 'VENONA' is written in full capitals; authors writing on the subject generally capitalize only the first letter.) In the early years of the Cold War, Venona would be an important source of information on Soviet intelligence activity for the Western powers. Although unknown to the public, and even to presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman, the closely guarded program was of critical importance behind many famous events of the early Cold War, such as the Rosenberg spying case and the defections of Donald Maclean and Guy Burgess. Most of the messages which would later prove to be decipherable were intercepted between 1942 and 1945, and they were decrypted beginning in 1946 and continuing until 1980, when Venona was cancelled. A young Meredith Gardner (of what would become the National Security Agency) then used this material to break in to what turned out to be NKVD (and later GRU) traffic, by reconstructing the code used to convert text to numbers. Samuel Chew and Cecil Phillips also made valuable contributions. On 20 December 1946, Gardner made the first break into the code, revealing the existence of Soviet espionage in the Manhattan Project. Venona messages also indicated that Soviet spies worked in Washington in the State Department, Treasury, Office of Strategic Services, and even the White House. Very slowly, using assorted techniques ranging from traffic analysis to defector information, more of the messages were decrypted. The Office of Strategic Services, the predecessor to the CIA, housed at one time or another between fifteen and twenty Soviet spies. Duncan Lee, Donald Wheeler, Jane Foster Zlatowski, and Maurice Halperin passed information to Moscow. The War Production Board, the Board of Economic Warfare, the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs and the Office of War Information, included at least half a dozen Soviet sources each among their employees. In the opinion of some, almost every American military and diplomatic agency of any importance was compromised to some extent by Soviet espionage.</span></p> <p id="rwxf" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><br /><span id="w3-3" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="g1lh">McCarthyism;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /><u id="vh:x">McCarthyism</u> is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. This period is also referred to as the Second Red Scare, and coincided with increased fears about communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. During this time many thousands of Americans were accused of being Communists or communist sympathizers and became the subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or private-industry panels, committees and agencies. There are many factors that can be counted as contributing to McCarthyism, some of them extending back to the years of the First Red Scare (1917-1920), and indeed to the inception of Communism as a recognized political force. Thanks in part to its success in organizing labor unions and its early opposition to fascism, the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) increased its membership through the 1930s, reaching a peak of 50,000 members in 1942. Events in 1949 and 1950 sharply increased the sense of threat from Communism in the United States. The Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in 1949, earlier than many analysts had expected. That same year, Mao Zedong's Communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy financial support of the opposing Kuomintang by the U.S. In 1950, the Korean War began, pitting U.S., U.N. and South Korean forces against Communists from North Korea and China. Although the Igor Gouzenko and Elizabeth Bentley affairs had raised the issue of Soviet espionage as far back as 1945, 1950 saw several significant developments regarding Soviet Cold War espionage activities. In January, Alger Hiss, a high-level State Department official, was convicted of perjury. Hiss was in effect found guilty of espionage; the statute of limitations had run out for that crime, but he was convicted of having perjured himself when he denied that charge in earlier testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. In Great Britain, Klaus Fuchs confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested on charges of stealing atomic bomb secrets for the Soviets on July 17 and later executed. In the federal government, President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9835 initiated a program of loyalty reviews for federal employees in 1947. Truman's mandate called for dismissal if there were "reasonable grounds... for belief that the person involved is disloyal to the Government of the United States." Truman, a Democrat, was probably reacting in part to the Republican sweep in the 1946 Congressional election, and felt a need to counter the growing criticism from conservatives and anti-communists. When President Dwight Eisenhower took office in 1953, he strengthened and extended Truman's loyalty review program, while decreasing the avenues of appeal available to dismissed employees. Hiram Bingham, Chairman of the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board, referred to the new rules he was obliged to enforce as "just not the American way of doing things." Hoover designed President Truman's loyalty-security program, and its background investigations of employees were carried out by FBI agents. This was a major assignment that led to the number of agents in the Bureau being increased from 3,559 in 1946 to 7,029 in 1952. One focus of popular McCarthyism concerned the provision of public health services, particularly vaccination, mental health care services and fluoridation, all of which were deemed by some to be communist plots to poison or brainwash the American people. This viewpoint led to major collisions between McCarthyite radicals and supporters of public health programs, most notably in the case of the Alaska Mental Health Bill controversy of 1956. <br />Compiler Note: Government Paranoia starts due to Soviet Espionage successes with sleeper agents. <br /> </span></p> <p id="w6ko" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="b8ys" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="jdww"><br />Mind Control; </b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia,<br />Mind control (or "brainwashing") techniques are supposedly able to subvert an individual's control of their own thinking, behavior, emotions, or decisions. Whether anyone has ever successfully used these techniques remains an open question. There are a number of controversial theories about mind control:<br /></span></p> <ul id="ft3r" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="nb4r"><span id="mj1w" style="font-size:78%;">Lifton thought reform model </span> </li><li id="rm9u"><span id="rncn" style="font-size:78%;">Margaret Singer's conditions for mind control </span> </li><li id="bcgv"><span id="vdnh" style="font-size:78%;">Steven Hassan's BITE model </span> </li><li id="g_:8"><span id="e80o" style="font-size:78%;">Mind Control and the Battered Person Syndrome </span> </li><li id="hlkf"><span id="ax:9" style="font-size:78%;">Social psychology tactics </span> </li><li id="o4ep"><span id="lkwr" style="font-size:78%;">Social psychological conditioning by Stahelski </span> </li><li id="k48e"><span id="d-gx" style="font-size:78%;">Subliminal advertising </span> </li><li id="bvc1"><span id="yrhs" style="font-size:78%;">Biderman's Chart of Coercion (http://www.nwrain.net/~refocus/coerchrt.html)</span> </li> </ul> <div id="rju3" style="font-family: Tahoma; text-align: justify;"><span id="p2rs" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></div> <p id="in__" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="nfv5" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="kkox">Omertà, Conspiracy of silence, Stop Snitchin';</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /><u id="d8oh">Omertà</u> is a popular attitude, common in areas of southern Italy, such as Sicily, Calabria, and Campania, where criminal organizations like the Mafia, 'Ndrangheta, and Camorra are strong. A common definition is the "code of silence".<br />Omertà implies “the categorical prohibition of cooperation with state authorities or reliance on its services, even when one has been victim of a crime.” Even if somebody is convicted for a crime he has not committed, he is supposed to serve the sentence without giving the police any information about the real criminal. Within Mafia culture, breaking the oath of omertà is punishable by death. Omertà is based partly on fear and partly on idealism – it is <i id="zf08">an extreme form of loyalty and solidarity</i> in the face of authority. </span></p> <p id="lx4o" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="t5e6" style="font-size:78%;"><u id="l0cp">The following are examples which at <span id="kqv4" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" >various times have been the subject of a culture (or conspiracy) of silence:</span></u></span></p> <ul id="y_yl" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="u_bs"><span id="g_38" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" >Child abuse in the Church or in social services accommodation. </span> </li><li id="x90w"><span id="dilq" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" >Acknowledgement of war crimes, b</span><span id="btpn" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" >reaches of human rights, such as vanishing persons and torture </span> </li><li id="c6.f"><span id="s21v" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" >Social conditions - gang crime, drugs or other unlawful or disparaged activity. Omerta, the Cosa Nostra (Mafia) cultural code of Sicily, is a significant example of an entire culture built upon silence. Stop Snitchin' is a recent example. </span> </li><li id="aj3m"><span id="wpg_" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" >Personal problems - for example Affairs, sexual abuse, domestic violence, alcoholism etc. </span> </li><li id="i6.6"><span id="pp7t" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" >Conditions considered shameful by the culture at large - for example; erectile dysfunction and yeast infections </span> </li><li id="rd53"><span id="znm9" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" >Avoidance of recognition of some problem - for example gulf war syndrome or the like - in order to officially bury (hide) a possible problem and thus avoid accusations, investigations or liability. </span></li> </ul> <p id="ak1." style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="vlbj" style="font-size:78%;color:#000000;"><span id="fmkd" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A number of controversial matters are considered by some to be buried under a refusal to discuss, or not treated with appropriate seriousness, similar to a conspiracy of silence. Examples include UFOs, assassinations, military incidents, and more generally, various events where it is felt by a significant minority that the truth has been covered up. A proven example is the Watergate cover-up of the early 1970s, exposed by the <i id="yibl">Washingt</i><i id="rn7n">on Post</i> and the <i id="xy64">New York Times</i>.</span></span></p> <p id="yndo" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="k64h" style="font-size:78%;"><a id="Effects_of_a_conspiracy_of_silence" name="Effects_of_a_conspiracy_of_silence"></a></span></p> <p id="n0r1" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="kv6f" style="font-size:78%;">A conspiracy of silence in some field, has effects at many levels:</span></p> <ul id="rrov" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="bi_v"><span id="qub1" style="font-size:78%;">Those who are directly suffering, or causing others to suffer, perpetuate their cycle of harm and suffering </span> </li><li id="t_2n"><span id="k9n9" style="font-size:78%;">Those who have suffered have their suffering extended by being having their condition ignored or minimized, and are not considered seriously or redressed appropriately </span> </li><li id="ciwh"><span id="fkm." style="font-size:78%;">Lessons that might be learned for future are not learned </span></li> </ul> <p id="rclc" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="r:j5" style="font-size:78%;"><u id="y3.8"><br />The Snitching Project</u>, led by Dr. Rick Frei at Community College of Philadelphia, is an ongoing student-driven interdisciplinary research initiative aimed at developing a better understanding of the snitching phenomenon and facilitating community discussion through education. The project uses focus groups, surveys, and interviews to collect data regarding attitudes towards snitching, as well as dispositional and situational variables that might influence a person's propensity to cooperate with police.<br />The Project also sponsors an interactive wiki, which includes results from the data collection effort, as well as an extensive history of snitching, links to relevant web sites and articles, an on-line version of the survey, and a forum for discussing snitching.</span></p> <span id="lyf4" style="font-family: Tahoma;font-size:78%;" ><br /></span> <p class="firstHeading" id="qmlj" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="htmk" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="u-b_">Brainwashing;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /><u id="uu15">Brainwashing</u> (also known as <b id="cv3g">thought reform</b> or as <b id="m8ro"><span class="mw-redirect" id="cixc">re-education</span></b>) consists of any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and <span class="mw-redirect" id="j8l1">beliefs</span> in a person — sometimes unwelcome beliefs in conflict with the person's prior beliefs and knowledge. Earlier forms of coercive persuasion occurred during the Inquisition and in the course of show trials against "enemies of the state" in the Soviet Union, etc.; but no specific term emerged until the methodologies of these earlier movements became systematized during the early decades of the People's Republic of China for use in struggles against internal class enemies and foreign invaders. Until that time, presentations of the phenomenon described only concrete specific techniques. The term <i id="ypic">xǐ năo</i> (洗腦, the Chinese term literally translated as "to wash the brain") originally referred to methodologies of coercive persuasion used in the "reconstruction" (改造 <i id="v3qa">gǎi zào</i>) of the so-called feudal (封建 <i id="ukc2">fēng jiàn</i>) thought-patterns of Chinese citizens raised under pre-revolutionary régimes; the term punned on the Taoist custom of "cleansing/washing the heart" (洗心 <i id="ji6n">xǐ xīn</i>) prior to conducting certain ceremonies or entering certain holy places, and in Chinese, the word "心" <i id="fblz">xīn</i> also refers to the soul or the mind, contrasting with the brain. The term first came into use in the United States in the 1950s during the Korean War (1950-1953) to describe those same methods as applied by the Chinese communists to attempt deep and permanent behavioral changes in foreign prisoners, and especially during the Korean War to disrupt the ability of captured United Nations troops to effectively organize and resist their imprisonment. The word <i id="vaxx">brainwashing</i> consequently came into use in the <span class="mw-redirect" id="ugnh">United States of America</span> to explain why, unlike in earlier wars, a relatively high percentage of American GIs defected to the enemy side after becoming prisoners of war in Korea. Later analysis determined that some of the primary methodologies employed on them during their imprisonment included <i id="qse2">sleep-deprivation</i> and other intense psychological manipulations designed to break down the <span class="extiw" id="ipse">autonomy</span> of individuals. American alarm at the new phenomenon of substantial numbers of U.S. troops switching their allegiance to support foreign Communists lessened after the repatriation of prisoners, when it emerged that few of them retained allegiance to the <span class="mw-redirect" id="xehg">Marxist</span> and "anti-American" doctrines inculcated during their incarcerations. When rigid control of information ceased and the former prisoners' "natural" cultural methods of <span class="new" id="potv">reality-testing</span> could resume functioning, the superimposed values and judgments rapidly decreased.</span></p> <p class="firstHeading" id="s.m7" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="h5et" style="font-size:78%;"><span class="mw-headline" id="s1:j"><u id="xc5v">The use of coercive persuasion techniques in China</u>: </span>Following the armistice that interrupted hostilities in the Korean War, a large group of intelligence-officers, psychiatrists, and psychologists received assignments to debrief United Nations soldiers in the process of repatriation. The government of the United States wanted to understand the unprecedented level of collaboration, the breakdown of trust among prisoners, and other such indications that the Chinese were doing something new and effective in their handling of prisoners of war. Formal studies in academic journals began to appear in the mid-1950s, as well as some first-person reports from former prisoners. In 1961, two specialists in the field published books which synthesized these studies for the non-specialists concerned with issues of national security and social policy. Edgar H. Schein wrote on <i id="i.-.">Coercive Persuasion,</i> and Robert J. Lifton wrote on <i id="ebog">Thought Control and the Psychology of Totalism.</i> Both books focussed primarily on the techniques called "xǐ nǎo" or, more formally "sī xiǎng gǎi zào" (reconstructing or remodeling thought). </span></p> <p class="firstHeading" id="s6sh" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="q1.i" style="font-size:78%;">Although American attention came to bear on thought reconstruction or brainwashing as one result of the Korean War (1950 - 1953), the techniques had operated on ordinary Chinese citizens after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in October 1949. The PRC had refined and extended techniques earlier used in the Soviet Union to prepare prisoners for <span class="mw-redirect" id="uwpr">show-trials</span>, and they in turn had learned much from the Inquisition. In the Chinese context, these techniques had multiple goals that went far beyond the simple control of subjects in the prison camps of North Korea. They aimed to produce confessions, to convince the accused that they had indeed perpetrated anti-social acts, to make them feel guilty of these crimes against the state, to make them desirous of a fundamental change in outlook toward the institutions of the new communist society, and, finally, to actually accomplish these desired changes in the recipients of the brainwashing/thought-reform. To that end, brainwashers desired techniques that would break down the psychic integrity of the individual with regard to information processing, with regard to information retained in the mind, and with regard to values. Chosen techniques included: dehumanizing of individuals by keeping them in filth, sleep deprivation, partial sensory deprivation, psychological harassment, inculcation of guilt, group social pressure, etc. The ultimate goal that drove these extreme efforts consisted of the transformation of an individual with a "feudal" or capitalist mindset into a "right-thinking" member of the new social system, or, in other words, to transform what the state regarded as a criminal mind into what the state could regard as a non-criminal mind. </span></p> <p id="hik_" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="x6fw" style="font-size:78%;">The methods of <span class="mw-redirect" id="d9sm">thought-control</span> proved extremely useful when deployed for gaining the compliance of prisoners-of-war. Key elements in their success included tight control of the information available to the individual and tight control over the behavior of the individual. When, after repatriation, close control of information ceased and reality-testing could resume, former prisoners fairly quickly regained a close approximation of their original picture of the world and of the societies from which they had come. Furthermore, prisoners subject to thought-control often had simply behaved in ways that pleased their captors, without changing their fundamental beliefs. So the fear of brainwashed sleeper agents, such as that dramatized in the novel and the films <i id="u9ti">The Manchurian Candidate</i>, never materialized.</span></p> <p class="firstHeading" id="ddgi" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="e5i6" style="font-size:78%;">Robert W. Ford a british radio operator who worked in Tibet in the 50' was arrested by the invading Chinese army. He spent nearly 5 years in jail, in constant fear of being executed, and was subjected to interrogation and thought reform. He published a book "Captured in Tibet" about his experience in Tibet, describing and analyzing thought reform to which he was arshly subjected.</span></p> <p id="t_n2" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="r4ty" style="font-size:78%;">According to research and forensic psychologist Dick Anthony, the <span class="mw-redirect" id="i_8j">CIA</span> invented the concept of "brainwashing" as a propaganda strategy to undercut communist claims that American POWs in Korean communist camps had voluntarily expressed sympathy for communism. Anthony stated that definitive research demonstrated that fear and duress, not brainwashing, caused western POWs to collaborate. He argued that the books of Edward Hunter (a secret CIA "psychological warfare specialist" passing as a journalist) pushed the CIA brainwashing-theory onto the general public. He further asserted that for twenty years, starting in the early 1950s, the CIA and the Defense Department conducted secret research (notably including Project MKULTRA) in an attempt to develop practical brainwashing techniques (possibly to counteract the brainwashing efforts of the Chinese), and that their attempt failed.</span></p> <p class="firstHeading" id="dx41" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="tjk5" style="font-size:78%;">One of the first published uses of the term <i id="nwi6">thought reform</i> occurred in the title of the book by Robert Jay Lifton: <i id="gvw:">Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of 'Brainwashing' in China</i> (1961). (Lifton also testified on behavioral-change methodologies at the 1976 trial of Patty Hearst.) In his book Lifton used the term "thought reform" as a synonym for "brainwashing", though he preferred the first term. </span></p> <p class="firstHeading" id="b0xa" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="g06-" style="font-size:78%;">Benjamin Zablocki, professor of sociology and one of the reviewers of the rejected DIMPAC report, wrote in 1997:</span></p> <p id="st1t" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="n2vy" style="font-size:78%;">"Many people have been misled about the true position of the APA and the ASA with regard to brainwashing. Like so many other theories in the behavioral sciences, the jury is still out on this one. The APA and the ASA acknowledge that some scholars believe that brainwashing exists but others believe that it does not exist. The ASA and the APA acknowledge that nobody is currently in a position to make a Solomonic decision as to which group is right and which group is wrong. Instead they urge scholars to do further research to throw more light on this matter. I think this is a reasonable position to take."</span></p> <p id="umgy" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="xexf" style="font-size:78%;">In 2002, APA's then president, Philip Zimbardo wrote in Psychology Monitor:</span></p> <p id="dxzr" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="p8gd" style="font-size:78%;">"A body of social science evidence shows that when systematically practiced by state-sanctioned police, military or destructive cults, mind control can induce false confessions, create converts who willingly torture or kill "invented enemies," engage indoctrinated members to work tirelessly, give up their money—and even their lives—for "the cause." (Zimbardo, 2002) </span></p> <p id="nl0w" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="m790" style="font-size:78%;">Social scientists who study new religious movements, such as Jeffrey K. Hadden (see References), understand the general proposition that religious groups can have considerable influence over their members, and that that influence may have come about through deception and indoctrination. Indeed, many sociologists observe that "influence" occurs ubiquitously in human cultures, and some argue that the influence exerted in "cults" or new religious movements does not differ greatly from the influence present in practically every domain of human action and of human endeavor.</span></p> <p id="kbi6" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="m5mu" style="font-size:78%;">F.A.C.T.net states that "Forced deprogramming was sometimes successful and sometimes unsuccessful, but is not considered an acceptable, legal, or ethical method of rescuing a person from a cult."</span></p> <p id="f2w2" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="lt2r" style="font-size:78%;">The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) published a statement in 1977 related to brainwashing and mind control. In this statement the ACLU opposed certain methods "depriving people of the free exercise of religion".</span></p> <p id="cowo" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="rfbg" style="font-size:78%;">Philip Zimbardo, Professor Emeritus of Psychology at Stanford University, writes: "Whatever any member of a cult has done, you and I could be recruited or seduced into doing — under the right or wrong conditions. The majority of 'normal, average, intelligent' individuals can be led to engage in immoral, illegal, irrational, aggressive and self destructive actions that are contrary to their values or personality — when manipulated situational conditions exert their power over individual dispositions."(Zimbardo, 1997)</span></p> <p id="mp:3" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><br /><span id="c4-r" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="u.3e">Project MKULTRA;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />Project MKULTRA, or MK-ULTRA, was the code name for a CIA mind-control research program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence, that began in the early 1950s and continued at least through the late 1960s.(1,2,3). There is much published evidence that the project involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as well as other methodology, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function.<br />(1). http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/<br />(2). Chapter 3, part 4: Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code: CIA and DOD Human Subjects Research Scandals. Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments Final Report. Retrieved on August 24, 2005. "The CIA program, known principally by the codename MKULTRA, began in 1950"<br />(3). U.S. Congress: The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence (Church Committee report), report no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976); p. 392 "According to the CIA, the project [MKULTRA] was decreased significantly each budget year until its complete termination in the late 1960s."<br /> </span></p> <p id="an2g" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="c.cg" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="nl07"><br />The Manchurian Candidate;</b><br />Is a 1959 thriller novel written by Richard Condon, later adapted into films in 1962 and 2004. The central concept of the book and the subsequent 1962 film is that the son of a prominent political family has been <i id="id22">brainwashed</i> into becoming an unwilling assassin for the Communist Party; in the 2004 version, the villain was instead a giant corporation called "Manchurian Global". Plot summary: Major Bennett Marko, Sergeant Raymond Shaw and the rest of their platoon are captured during the Korean War in 1952. They are all brainwashed into believing Shaw saved their lives in combat, for which he receives the Medal of Honor when they return to the US. After the war is over, Marko begins to have a recurring nightmare in which Shaw kills two of his comrades. When he learns that another platoon member has been having the same dream, he sets out to uncover the mystery. The Communists intend to use Shaw as a sleeper agent and, using the queen of diamonds in a deck of playing cards as a subconscious trigger, compel him to follow their orders, which he doesn't remember afterwards. Shaw is controlled by none other than his own domineering mother, who is working with the Communists in a plot to overthrow the government.<br /><br /></span><span id="haa9" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p id="d32t" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="r8rr" style="font-size:78%;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7295300.stm<br /><b id="i0dn">Taylor 'made rebels eat enemies'</b><br />BBC News, 13 March 2008<br />Ex-Liberian President Charles Taylor ordered militias to eat the flesh of their enemies, a former death squad leader has told his war crimes trial. Joseph "Zigzag" Marzah said Mr Taylor had instructed fighters loyal to him to even eat UN peacekeepers to "set an example for the people to be afraid". Mr Taylor is on trial at The Hague for backing rebels in Sierra Leone in an 11-year war in which thousands died. Mr Taylor is accused of funding Sierra Leone's former rebels, the Revolutionary United Front, by selling diamonds on their behalf and buying weapons for them. The RUF became notorious for hacking off the hands and legs of civilians during their armed rebellion in Sierra Leone from 1991 to 2002.</span></p> <p id="xi_." style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-67560792829156962002008-07-16T19:09:00.001+02:002008-07-16T19:30:07.677+02:00Modern Human Intelligence<span id="lgvv" style="font-size:100%;"><span id="onmh" style="font-size:85%;"><b id="r3jy"><u id="dizp">Modern Human Intelligence</u></b></span><br /></span> <p id="a9rs" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><br /><span id="k0ff" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="gy5-">HUMINT; From Wikipedia</b>, the free encyclopedia </span></p> <p id="sx.f" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="rn3l" style="font-size:78%;"><u id="uxf-">HUMINT</u>, a <span class="mw-redirect" id="zv7s">syllabic abbreviation</span> of the words HUMan INTelligence, refers to intelligence gathering by means of interpersonal contact, as opposed to the more technical intelligence gathering disciplines such as SIGINT, IMINT, and <span class="mw-redirect" id="io2q">MASINT</span>. NATO defines HUMINT as "a category of intelligence derived from information collected and provided by human sources." Typical HUMINT activities consist of interrogations and conversations with persons having access to pertinent information. The techniques of HUMINT interaction can be used both as a means of collecting positive intelligence. As an intelligence collection discipline, it falls under intelligence collection management. The same or similar techniques, however, can be used for intelligence cycle security, in the discipline of <span class="mw-redirect" id="w-0v">counterintelligence</span>. Indeed, a given interview can both give information on enemy penetrations into one's own service (i.e., material of counterintelligence value), but the questions the enemy is asking their agent to answer can tell the positive intelligence analyst more about the enemy's priorities. The manner in which HUMINT operations are conducted is dictated by both official protocol and the nature of the source of the information. Within the context of the U.S. military, most HUMINT activity does not involve clandestine activities. Both CI and HUMINT do include clandestine HUMINT and clandestine HUMINT operational techniques. Spy is not the preferred term for people who are recruiters. In US usage, the most common term is asset, or (translated from the Russian) agent, as there are numerous roles, utterly essential to clandestine operations, that do not involve the actual obtaining of information.</span><span id="y_tw" style="font-size:78%;"><span class="mw-headline" id="rr86"> Recruitment of Types of Agents: </span><span id="kek3" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span class="toctext" id="ostm">Persons with access to Technology,</span> <span class="toctext" id="rz3v">Persons with Access to Knowledgeable People, </span><span class="toctext" id="p4tx">Persons in allied intelligence agencies,</span> <span class="toctext" id="nbod">Targeting recruits based on intelligence information.</span></span> An agent of influence, being witting or unwitting of the goals of a foreign power B, can influence the policy of Country A to be consistent with the goals of Country B. In Soviet theory, influencing policy was one aspect of what they termed <b id="xvjz">active measures</b> (<i id="id3r">aktivnyye meropriyatiya</i>). Active measures have a different connotation than the Western concept of direct action (military) (DA), although Soviet active measures could include "wet affairs" (<i id="yki_">mokrie dela</i>) conducted by Department V of the KGB, "wet" referring to the spilling of blood.<br /></span></p> <p id="sx.f" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="y_tw" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p id="ti52" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </p> <span id="q1ai" style=";font-family:Tahoma;font-size:78%;" ><b id="z8y-">Psychological operations;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span><span id="p5.x" style="font-size:78%;"><br />Psychological Operations (PSYOP, PSYOPS), are techniques used by military and police forces to influence a target audience's emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and behavior. Target audiences can be governments, organizations, groups, and individuals, and are used in order to induce confessions, or reinforce attitudes and behaviors favorable to the originator's objectives. These are sometimes combined with black operations or false flag tactics. This concept has been used by military institutions throughout history, but it is only since the twentieth century that it has been accorded the organizational and professional status it enjoys now. During the Waco Siege, the FBI and BATF conducted psychological operations on the men, women and children inside the Mount Carmel complex. This included using loud speakers to play sounds of animals being slaughtered, drilling noises and clips from talk shows about how David Koresh was much hated. In addition, very bright, flashing lights were used at night. </span> <p id="izli" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="l0-5" style="font-size:78%;"><br /><br />A <b id="av_m">covert operation</b> is a military or political activity carried out in such a way that the parties responsible for the action can be an open secret, but cannot be proved. <b id="ni_d">Covert</b><b id="vxrj">clandestine</b> are related terms, but not interchangeable. Covert operations are employed in situations where openly operating against a target would be politically or diplomatically risky, or be counterproductive to the mission's purpose. In the case of enemies, there may be issues regarding violation of neutrality, concerns over military strength, the presence of treaties, laws, moral principles, or aversion to negative media attention. Operations may be directed at or conducted with allies and friends to secure their support or to influence or assist their policy against an enemy. Covert operations may assist espionage efforts, or may diverge from such efforts by attempting to influence events in another country directly. Covert operations have been employed by many national and sub-national governments and other organizations for centuries, with or without a formal intelligence agency. They are an established and often controversial component of foreign policy throughout the world.</span><span id="je-a" style="font-size:78%;"> and Covert action takes many different forms reflecting the diverse circumstances in which it is used. There are paramilitary operations, in which a state trains, supports, or advises a military force in another country. There is <span class="mw-redirect" id="s265">political subversion</span>, in which a state supports or advises a political group in another country or directs propaganda at its population. In disinformation operations, one government provides information that causes the receiving government to make incorrect assumptions about the first nation's plans. Covert actions are those directed against individuals, such as kidnappings, <span class="mw-redirect" id="z51g">assassinations</span>, and coups d'état, may violate national or international law, depending on the specific circumstances. A common tactic in covert or clandestine operations is to establish a front business or organization through which agents can operate unrecognized. Air America, the CIA-owned airline that supplied Hmong fighters in Laos during the <span class="mw-redirect" id="n0q6">Second Indochina War</span>, is an example of such a front organization.<br /></span></p> <p id="izli" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="je-a" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p id="iwgu" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="zidm" style="font-size:78%;">http://www.psywarrior.com/<br /><b id="wxxe">PSYOPS, Welcome to the Home of the Psywarrior; Psychological Operations: "Capture their minds and their hearts and souls will follow"</b></span><br />Psychological Operations (PSYOP) and Psychological Warfare (PSYWAR), these words generate thoughts of North Vietnam's "Hanoi Hanna", Japan's "Tokyo Rose" and more recently the Iraq's infamous "Baghdad Betty" of Desert Storm. To others the words psychological operations and psychological warfare conjure up images of our military playing mind games with the enemy. PSYOP is all this and much more, for you see there are essentially two great forces in warfare:-the physical and the moral. These two forces suggest two distinct approaches to warfare. One a "direct" approach, concentrating on the opponent's physical forces, and the other an "indirect" approach, focusing on moral forces. Both of these approaches have been tried throughout history, with a noted lack of emphasis on the indirect approach until more recent times. This website will attempt to give new emphasis to the indirect approach by conveying a better appreciation for the application of psychological operations. So sit back and join me on a tour of the history of Psychological Operations, and what PSYOP is today.<br /></p><span id="r263" style=";font-family:Tahoma;font-size:78%;" ><br /></span> <p id="l0wj" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="nmh2" style="font-size:78%;"><span class="mw-headline" id="wm6s"><b id="d6-c">Counter-HUMINT /</b></span><b id="r18e">Counter-intelligence;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span><u id="vpp3"><br />Counter-HUMINT</u> deals with both the detection of hostile HUMINT sources within am organization, or the detection of individuals likely to become hostile HUMINT sources, as a mole or double agent. There is an additional category relevant to the broad spectrum of counterintelligence: why one becomes a terrorist. The acronym MICE: Money, Ideology, Compromise (or coercion), Ego; describes the most common reasons people break trust and disclose classified materials, reveal operations to hostile services, or join terrorist groups. It makes sense, therefore, to monitor trusted personnel for risks in these areas, such as financial stress, extreme political views, potential vulnerabilities for blackmail, and excessive need for approval or intolerance of criticism. With luck, problems in an employee can be caught early, assistance can be provided to correct them, and not only is espionage avoided, but a useful employee retained. See Motives for spying for specific examples. Sometimes, the preventive and neutralization tasks overlap, as in the case of Earl Edwin Pitts. Pitts had been an FBI agent who had sold secret information to the Soviets, and, after the fall of the USSR, to the Russians. He was caught by an FBI false flag sting, in which FBI agents, posing as Russian FSB agents, came to Pitts with an offer to "reactivate" him. His activities seemed motivated by both Money and Ego over perceived bad treatment when he was an FBI agent. His sentence required him to tell the FBI all he knew of foreign agents. Ironically, he told them of suspicious actions by Robert Hanssen, which were not taken seriously at the time.<br /></p><span id="po6d" style=";font-family:Tahoma;font-size:78%;" ></span> <p id="nx01" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="o3m1" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="firstHeading" id="hmlr" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="puf4" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="j.em">McCarthyism;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /><u id="z2mv">McCarthyism</u> is a term describing the intense anti-communist suspicion in the United States in a period that lasted roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s. This period is also referred to as the Second Red Scare, and coincided with increased fears about communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Originally coined to criticize the actions of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy, "McCarthyism" later took on a more general meaning, not necessarily referring to the conduct of Joseph McCarthy alone. During this time many thousands of Americans were accused of being Communists or communist sympathizers and became the subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or private-industry panels, committees and agencies. The primary targets of such suspicions were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators and union activists. Suspicions were often given credence despite inconclusive or questionable evidence, and the level of threat posed by a person's real or supposed leftist associations or beliefs was often greatly exaggerated. Many people suffered loss of employment, destruction of their careers, and even imprisonment. Most of these punishments came about through trial verdicts later overturned, laws that would be declared unconstitutional, dismissals for reasons later declared illegal or actionable, or extra-legal procedures that would come into general disrepute.</span></p> <p id="e3cr" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="o_0e" style="font-size:78%;">The historical period that came to be known as McCarthyism began well before Joseph McCarthy's own involvement in it. There are many factors that can be counted as contributing to McCarthyism, some of them extending back to the years of the First Red Scare (1917-1920), and indeed to the inception of Communism as a recognized political force. Thanks in part to its success in organizing labor unions and its early opposition to fascism, the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) increased its membership through the 1930s, reaching a peak of 50,000 members in 1942. While the United States was engaged in World War II and allied with the Soviet Union, the issue of anti-communism was largely muted.</span></p> <p id="gl3e" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="boxb" style="font-size:78%;">Events in 1949 and 1950 sharply increased the sense of threat from Communism in the United States. The Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in 1949, earlier than many analysts had expected. That same year, Mao Zedong's Communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy financial support of the opposing Kuomintang by the U.S. In 1950, the Korean War began, pitting U.S., U.N. and South Korean forces against Communists from North Korea and China. Although the Igor Gouzenko and Elizabeth Bentley affairs had raised the issue of Soviet espionage as far back as 1945, 1950 saw several significant developments regarding Soviet Cold War espionage activities. In January, Alger Hiss, a high-level State Department official, was convicted of perjury. Hiss was in effect found guilty of espionage; the statute of limitations had run out for that crime, but he was convicted of having perjured himself when he denied that charge in earlier testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities. In Great Britain, Klaus Fuchs confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested on charges of stealing atomic bomb secrets for the Soviets on July 17 and later executed.</span></p> <p id="vd5o" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="rj.y" style="font-size:78%;">There were also more subtle forces encouraging the rise of McCarthyism. It had long been a practice of more conservative politicians to refer to liberal reforms such as child labor laws and women's suffrage as "Communist" or "Red plots." This tendency increased in reaction to the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Many conservatives equated the New Deal with socialism or Communism, and saw its policies as evidence that the government had been heavily influenced by Communist policy-makers in the Roosevelt administration. In general, the vaguely defined danger of "Communist influence" was a more common theme in the rhetoric of anti-Communist politicians than was espionage or any other specific activity.</span></p> <p id="emrk" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="o8t_" style="font-size:78%;">In the federal government, President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9835 initiated a program of loyalty reviews for federal employees in 1947. Truman's mandate called for dismissal if there were "reasonable grounds... for belief that the person involved is disloyal to the Government of the United States." Truman, a Democrat, was probably reacting in part to the Republican sweep in the 1946 Congressional election, and felt a need to counter the growing criticism from conservatives and anti-communists.</span></p> <p id="h39v" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="yjj1" style="font-size:78%;">When President Dwight Eisenhower took office in 1953, he strengthened and extended Truman's loyalty review program, while decreasing the avenues of appeal available to dismissed employees. Hiram Bingham, Chairman of the Civil Service Commission Loyalty Review Board, referred to the new rules he was obliged to enforce as "just not the American way of doing things." Similar loyalty reviews were established in many state and local government offices and some private industries across the nation. In 1958 it was estimated that roughly one out of every five employees in the United States was required to pass some sort of loyalty review.</span></p> <p id="ar:p" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="oc2v" style="font-size:78%;">Once a person lost a job due to an unfavorable loyalty review, it could be very difficult to find other employment. "A man is ruined everywhere and forever," in the words of the chairman of President Truman's Loyalty Review Board. "No responsible employer would be likely to take a chance in giving him a job."</span></p> <p id="gu86" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="euj4" style="font-size:78%;">The Department of Justice started keeping a list of organizations that it deemed subversive beginning in 1942. This list was first made public in 1948, when it included 78 items. At its longest, it comprised 154 organizations, 110 of them identified as Communist. In the context of a loyalty review, membership in a listed organization was meant to raise a question, but not to be considered proof of disloyalty. One of the most common causes of suspicion was membership in the Washington Bookshop Association, a left-leaning organization that offered lectures on literature, classical music concerts and discounts on books.</span></p> <p id="l7sx" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="ldk2" style="font-size:78%;">Hoover designed President Truman's loyalty-security program, and its background investigations of employees were carried out by FBI agents. This was a major assignment that led to the number of agents in the Bureau being increased from 3,559 in 1946 to 7,029 in 1952. Hoover's extreme sense of the Communist threat and the politically conservative standards of evidence applied by his bureau resulted in thousands of government workers losing their jobs. Due to Hoover's insistence upon keeping the identity of his informers secret, most subjects of loyalty-security reviews were not allowed to cross-examine or know the identities of those who accused them. In many cases they were not even told what they were accused of.</span></p> <p id="fv3g" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="qpcq" style="font-size:78%;">Hoover's influence extended beyond federal government employees and beyond the loyalty-security programs. The records of loyalty review hearings and investigations were supposed to be confidential, but Hoover routinely gave evidence from them to congressional committees such as HUAC. From 1951 to 1955, the FBI operated a secret "Responsibilities Program" that distributed anonymous documents with evidence from FBI files of Communist affiliations on the part of teachers, lawyers, and others. Many people accused in these "blind memoranda" were fired without any further process.</span></p> <p id="n3g8" style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span id="xw.i" style="font-size:78%;">The FBI also used illegal undercover operations to harass and disrupt Communist and other dissident political groups. In 1956, Hoover was becoming increasingly frustrated by Supreme Court decisions that limited the Justice Department's ability to prosecute Communists. At this time he formalized a covert "dirty tricks" program under the name COINTELPRO. COINTELPRO actions included planting forged documents to create the suspicion that a key person was an FBI informer, spreading rumors through anonymous letters, leaking information to the press, calling for IRS audits, and the like. The COINTELPRO program remained in operation until 1971.<br />Compiler Note: The heightened Security Awareness Program transformes into an Instument for PsyOps itself and a lot of Abuse.</span></p> <p id="f2-q" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-15374589365940649022008-07-16T19:06:00.001+02:002008-07-16T19:09:14.470+02:00The Evolution of the Mind Control Concept<span id="j0ma" style="font-family: garamond;font-size:85%;" ><b id="kvyq">3A </b></span><span id="j98d" style="font-size:85%;"><u id="wqjh"><span id="u3kg" style="font-family: Arial;"><b id="v0-0">T</b></span><span id="pepn" style="font-family: Arial;"><b id="uo:e">he Evolution of the Mind Control Concept</b></span></u></span> <p id="cdk:" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </p> <p id="h43r" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="nze-" style="font-size:78%;">There is a long standing trend in the Intelligence world to move away from doing it themselves into using, manipulating and exploiting ordinary civilians in their own habitat into doing their work. This is difficult and needs constant training as people's culture, beliefs and conceptions change over time. But with the help of NeuroScience the proces of getting people to work for an agency is getting a hole lot easier and much more stealthy. The proces can be categorised into these steps:<br /></span></p> <ul id="bgny" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> <li id="m5ye"><span id="dbxk" style="font-size:78%;">finding and releasing (from their regular life) of people: The McCarthyism etc</span> </li><li id="r7i8"><span id="jy_d" style="font-size:78%;">the preparation of people: Mind Control, Omertà, Conspiracy of silence, brainwashing, Project MKULTRA</span> </li><li id="ts__"><span id="pgbb" style="font-size:78%;">the ready product: A "Manchurian Candidate"</span> </li><li id="d2td"><span id="a0qf" style="font-size:78%;">the handling of people: The PsyOps</span> </li> </ul> <p id="zu:j" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="wivc" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <span id="xaq0" style="font-family: Tahoma;font-size:78%;" > </span> <p id="lbjn" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="j6uc" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="ub3y"><u id="q9kh">The Old Culture of Intelligence</u></b></span></p> <p id="d5h8" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </p> <p class="firstHeading" id="wew8" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="vpzp" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="hgke">Espionage;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p> <p id="jkbt" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="wns3" style="font-size:78%;">Incidents of espionage are well documented throughout history. The ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakya's student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire, made use of <b id="i2x4"><i id="orrm">assassinations, spies and secret agents</i></b>, which are described in Chanakya's <i id="jsuy">Arthasastra</i>. The ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Feudal Japan often used ninja to gather intelligence. More recently, spies played a significant part in Elizabethan England (see Francis Walsingham). <b id="myri"><i id="r.-z">Many modern espionage methods were well established even then.</i></b> The Cold War involved intense espionage activity between the United States of America and its allies and the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and their allies, particularly related to nuclear weapons secrets. Recently, espionage agencies have targeted the illegal drug trade and those considered to be terrorists. <b id="qzcj"><i id="cgo1">Different intelligence services value certain intelligence collection techniques over others.</i></b> The former Soviet Union, for example, preferred human sources over research in open sources, while the United States has tended emphasize technological methods such as SIGINT and IMINT. Both Soviet civilian (KGB) and military intelligence (GRU) officer were judged by the number of agents they recruited.<br />A spy is a person employed to obtain such secrets. Within the US intelligence community, asset is a more common usage. A case officer, who may have diplomatic status (i.e., official cover or non-official cover) supports and directs the human collector. Cutouts are couriers who do not know the agent or case officer, but transfer messages. In larger networks, the organization can get quite complex, with many sophisticated methods to avoid detection. <b id="d8a8"><i id="kng3">Often the players have never met and are sometimes unaware that they are participating</i></b><b id="hf97"><i id="i4-l">. This is often referred to as </i></b></span><span id="cihf" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size:78%;color:#000000;" ><b id="ja3p"><i id="h_ao">"the Tyson Effect," </i></b></span><span id="cy9." style="font-size:78%;"><b id="p_qv"><i id="nqsd">where important players are unaware of their own participation.</i></b> <br /></span></p> <p id="d_2t" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="cwg-" style="font-size:78%;">Compiler Note: The Culture of Intelligence organisations is very old and the use of unaware civilians is a known practice. <br /></span></p> <p id="dt9j" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="z75t" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p id="t:h:" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="n_94" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="o9yw">Labor spies;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p> <p id="xore" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="zbfm" style="font-size:78%;"><u id="cqef">Labor spies</u> are persons recruited or employed for the purpose of gathering intelligence, committing sabotage, sowing dissent, or engaging in other similar activities, typically within the context of an employer/labor organization relationship. Some of the statistics cited by researchers suggest that, historically, unions have been the frequent targets of <i id="novm">orchestrated</i> campaigns employing labor spies, indicating that such actions against labor organizations are often the result of strategic considerations.</span></p> <p id="krf0" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="nyqh" style="font-size:78%;">Labor spying is most typically used by companies or their agents, and such activity often complements union busting. </span></p> <p id="noxy" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="d8o2" style="font-size:78%;">The war <i id="dg0r">against</i> unions is a $1 billion-plus industry. Labor spying is one of the most formidable tools of the union busters. Labor spies may employ techniques of surreptitious monitoring, "missionary" work, sabotage, <span class="mw-redirect" id="zo4r">provoking chaos or violence</span>, frameups, intimidation, or insinuating themselves into positions of authority from which they may alter the basic goals of an organization. Missionary work means deploying undercover operatives to create dissension on the picket lines and in union halls, for example, by utilizing whispering campaigns or unfounded rumors. Missionaries frequently directed their whispering campaigns toward strikers' families and communities. For example, female operatives would visit the wives of strikers in their homes, incorporating their cover story into their spiel. They would tell the wife sad stories about how their own spouse lost a job years ago because of a strike, and hasn't found work since, and "that's why I must sell these products door to door." The same agencies that provide labor spies often provide guards who act in concert with the intelligence services. Provocations during labor disputes have been very common, particularly those carried out by undercover agents. In the 1930s nearly one-third of the twelve-hundred labor spies working for the Pinkerton Agency held high level positions in the targeted unions, including one national vice-presidency, fourteen local presidencies, eight local vice-presidencies, and numerous secretary positions. Sam Brady, a veteran Pinkerton operative, held a high enough position in the International Association of Machinists that he was able to damage the union by precipitating a premature strike. Pinkerton operatives drove out all but five officers in a United Auto Workers local in Lansing, Michigan. The remaining five were Pinkertons.</span></p> <p id="zewn" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="pn6o" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p class="firstHeading" id="jedn" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="c1ji" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="b.0w">Assassination;</b> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p> <p id="aogu" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="c4-b" style="font-size:78%;">Assassination is <b id="nqu:"><i id="lfz6">one of the oldest tools of power politics</i></b>, dating back at least as far as recorded history. Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, and Julius Caesar can be noted as famous examples. Emperors of Rome often met their end in this way, as did many of the Shia Imams. The practice was also well-known in ancient China. An example of this is Jing Ke's failed assassination of Qin Shi Huang. The ancient Indian military adviser Chanakya wrote about assassinations in detail in his political treatise <i id="zh2c">Arthashastra</i>. In the Middle Ages, regicide was rare, but with the Renaissance, tyrannicide - or assassination for personal or political reasons - once again became more common. Rulers like Henry III and Henry IV of France as well as William the Silent of the Netherlands fell to it.</span></p> <p id="nvak" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="cb1t" style="font-size:78%;"><b id="r-vx"><i id="jqb5">The term 'Assassin' derives from Hashshashin, a militant Ismaili Muslim sect, active in the Middle East from the eighth to the fourteenth centuries. This mystic secret society killed members of the Abbasid and Seljuq élite for political and religious reasons. It is speculated that the assassins were drugged for their murders with hashish and opium; assassin derives either from hasishin, the influence of the drugs, or hassansin, after their leader, Hassan-i-Sabah. Hashishinnya was an offensive term depicting this cult by its Muslim and Mongolian detractors.</i></b></span></p> <p id="kcq0" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="qu9k" style="font-size:78%;">The earliest literary use of the "assassination" is in The Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare (1605).</span></p> <p id="g.85" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="gg01" style="font-size:78%;">As the world moved into the present day and the stakes in political clashes of will continued to grow to a global scale, the number of assassinations concurrently multiplied. In Russia alone, four emperors were assassinated within less than 200 years - Ivan VI, Peter III, Paul I, and Alexander II. In the USA, Presidents Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy died at the hands of assassins, while many other presidents survived attempts on their life. <b id="h8m3"><i id="l:yy">Most of these assassinations however turned out to have no more than nebulous political backgrounds, adding a new threat - the mentally deranged assassin. In Europe the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb nationalist insurgents finally triggered World War I after a period of building conflicts, while World War II saw the first known use of specifically trained assassination operatives since the original Assassins. </i></b><i id="s5vw">Reinhard Heydrich was killed by Czech partisan killers,</i> and knowledge from decoded transmissions allowed the US to carry out a targeted attack, killing Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto while he was en-route in an airplane. Adolf Hitler meanwhile was almost killed by his own officers, and survived numerous attempts by other individuals and organizations. Hitler ultimately died by his own hand.</span></p> <p id="tbix" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="k1sz" style="font-size:78%;">India's "Father of the Nation", Mohandas K. Gandhi, was shot on January 30 1948 by Nathuram Godse, for what Godse perceived as his betrayal of the Hindu cause in attempting to seek peace between Hindus and Muslims.</span></p> <p id="ptc9" style="font-family: Tahoma;"><span id="m.m1" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p id="f.7x" style="font-family: Tahoma;"> </p> <span id="qaxb" style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-36256499734450663912008-03-18T20:21:00.000+01:002008-03-18T20:26:22.704+01:00Some Conclusions: Animals are used by Mind Control<p><strong>Some Conclusions: Animals are used as a military platform for: </strong></p><ul><li>Detection purposes: plastic explosives, as chemical and bacteriological attack sensors. </li><li>search and rescue operations; de-mining. </li><li>Surveillance and bugging purposes: sound, sonar, vision, IR, UV and smell.</li><li>Reporting by monitoring: their emotional state, .<br /></li></ul><p>Animals can possibly be questioned / interrogated neurologically when the questions are formatted in some simplistic way.<br />Animal guidance is known to work from direct electrical stimulation of the antennae and whiskers upto electromagnetic stimulating of the vestibular system.<br />Neurologically enhanced animals with sensory inputs and devices alien to their species are to be expected</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-9981585066688580062008-03-18T20:09:00.000+01:002008-03-18T20:20:42.232+01:00Smart Animals and Animals with Atypical Behaviour<span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Google Youtube for: <strong>Flipper, Skippy, Black Beauty, Lassy, Elsa the liones, Daktary</strong>. </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Google Youtube for: <strong>Tool using Animals</strong>, by David Attenborough.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippi_Degre" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="45178"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippi_Degre</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Google Youtube for: <strong>Tippy Degre, A young girl plays with animals</strong>,</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Tippi of Africa</strong> (Paperback), by Sylvia Robert, Alain Degre & Joelle Ody (Author)</span><a href="http://images.google.nl/images?gbv=2&svnum=10&hl=nl&q=tippi+degre&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="45391"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://images.google.nl/images?gbv=2&svnum=10&hl=nl&q=tippi+degre&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi</span></a><br /><br /><a href="http://www.livescience.com/technology/060210_technovelgy.html" goog_docs_charindex="45496"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.livescience.com/technology/060210_technovelgy.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Mind Control by Parasites.,</strong> </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Bill Christensen, technovelgy 10 February 2006</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">If the parasite can alter rat behavior, does it have any effect on humans? Dr. E. Fuller Torrey (Associate Director for Laboratory Research at the Stanley Medical Research Institute) noticed links between Toxoplasma and schizophrenia in human beings, approximately three billion of whom are infected with T. gondii. Consider these other cases:</span> <ul><li><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">The lancet fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum forces its ant host to attach to the tips of grass blades, the easier to be eaten. The fluke needs to get into the gut of a grazing animal to complete its life cycle. </span></li><li><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">The fluke Euhaplorchis californiensis causes fish to shimmy and jump so wading birds will grab them and eat them, for the same reason.</span></li><li><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Hairworms, which live inside grasshoppers, sabotage the grasshopper's central nervous system, forcing them to jump into pools of water, drowning themselves. Hairworms then swim away from their hapless hosts to continue their life cycle. </span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Are parasites like Toxoplasma subtly altering human behavior? As it turns out, science fiction writers have been thinking about whether or not parasites could alter a human being's behavior, or even take control of a person. In his 1951 novel The Puppet Masters, Robert Heinlein wrote about alien parasites the size of dinner plates that took control of the minds of their hosts, flooding their brains with neurochemicals.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.livescience.com/animals/070402_cat_urine.html" goog_docs_charindex="47014"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.livescience.com/animals/070402_cat_urine.htmlBizarre">http://www.livescience.com/animals/070402_cat_urine.html</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /><strong><span style="color:#000000;">Bizarre</span></a> Human Brain Parasite Precisely Alters Fear.,<br /></strong></span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Charles Q. Choi, Special to LiveScience 02 April 2007.<br /></span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Rats usually have an innate fear of cat urine. The fear extends to rodents that have never seen a feline and those generations removed from ever meeting a cat. After they get infected with the brain parasite Toxoplasma gondii, however, rats become attracted to cat pee, increasing the chance they'll become cat food. This much researchers knew. But a new study shows the parasite, which also infects more than half of the world's human population, seems to target a rat's fear of cat urine with almost surgical precision, leaving other kinds of fear alone. Hijacking the mind: T. gondii is a parasitic germ whose primary hosts are cats. However, it can be found in most warm-blooded animals, including an estimated 50 million people in the United States. One study suggests the parasite has altered human behavior enough to shape entire cultures. In cats, the protozoan reproduces sexually, while it reproduces asexually in other animals. The germ seems to especially like infesting the brain—"parasites hijacking the mind," Vyas said. Although the disease it causes in humans is rarely dangerous, it is the reason that pregnant women are sometimes told to avoid cat litter boxes (toxoplasmosis is risky for infants and others with compromised immune systems). Some scientists have suspected it might be linked to mental disorders such as schizophrenia and even neuroticism. Toxoplasma affects fear to cat odors with almost surgical precision." In addition, "we show that parasites are a little more likely to be found in amygdala [a region of the brain] than in other brain areas," Vyas said. "This is important because the amygdala is involved in a variety of fear-related behaviors." Future investigations can explore how exactly the parasite modifies the brain in such a precise manner. Potential targets in the brain for research include the stress hormone corticosterone and the brain chemical dopamine. Scientists might also want to see whether infected rats become less afraid of pictures of cats or scents of different predators of rats. This discovery could shed light "on how fear is generated in the first place" and how people can potentially better manage phobias, researcher Ajai Vyas, a Stanford University neuroscientist, told LiveScience.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Emotion in animals;</strong> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia;<br />The standard reference work, The Oxford Companion to Animal Behavior, advises animal behaviorists that 'One is well advised to study the behaviour, rather than attempting to get at any underlying emotion'." Research suggests that animals can experience negative emotions in a similar manner to people, including the equivalent of certain chronic and acute psychological conditions. The classic experiment for this was Martin Seligman's foundational experiments and theory of learned helplessness at the University of Pennsylvania in 1965, as an extension of his interest in depression: A further series of experiments showed that (similar to humans) under conditions of long term intense psychological stress, around 1/3 of dogs do not develop learned helplessness or long term depression. Instead these animals somehow managed to find a way to handle the unpleasant situation in spite of their past experience. The corresponding characteristic in humans has been found to correlate highly with an explanatory style and optimistic attitude and lower levels of emotional rigidity regarding expectations, that views the situation as other than personal, pervasive, or permanent. Such studies highlighted similar distinctions between people who adapt and those who break down, under long term psychological pressure, which were conducted in the 1950s in the realm of brainwashing. Since this time, symptoms analogous to clinical depression, neurosis and other psychological conditions have been in general accepted as being within the scope of animal emotion as well. A 2007 study in Canada found that animals have their own separate personalities.<br /><br /><strong>Animal cognition; (Relative intelligence of different animal species)</strong> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /></span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Some animals, including great apes, crows, dolphins, dogs, elephants, cats, and parrots are typically thought by humans as intelligent in ways that other animals are not. Part of the difficulty is the lack of agreement about what we mean by intelligence even in humans (it obviously makes a big difference whether language is considered as essential for intelligence, for example). A more fruitful approach has been to recognise that different animals may have different kinds of cognitive processes, which are better understood in terms of the ways in which they are cognitively adapted to their different ecological niches, than by positing any kind of hierarchy. This is the approach taken by the most comprehensive reference text of animal cognition, Shettleworth (1998). One question that can be asked coherently is how far different species are intelligent in the same ways as humans are, i.e. are their cognitive processes similar to ours. Not surprisingly, our closest biological relatives, the great apes, tend to do best on such an assessment. It is less clear that other species traditionally held to be intelligent do unusually well against this standard, though among the birds, corvids and parrots have typically been found to perform well. Domesticated animals often perform well in tests of human-like abilities, but this may simply reflect their better adaptation to the human world and the proximity of humans. Despite ambitious claims, evidence of unusually high human-like intelligence among cetaceans is patchy, partly because the cost and difficulty of carrying out research with marine mammals mean that experiments frequently suffer from small sample sizes and inadequate controls and replication. Octopuses have also been claimed to exhibit a number of higher-level problem-solving skills, but the amount of research on cephalopod intelligence is too limited for it to be conclusive.<br /><br /><strong>Bird intelligence; (Studies of bird intelligence)</strong> From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br />Bird intelligence has been studied through several attributes and abilities. Many of these studies have been on birds such as quail, domestic fowl and pigeons kept under captive conditions. Birds such as the corvids and psittacines have been shown to live social lives, have long developmental periods and large forebrains, and these may be expected to have greater cognitive abilities.<br />Counting: Crows were found to be able to keep count and a figure of 7 was found to be the limit of their counting ability. Cormorants used by Chinese fishermen that were given every eighth fish as a reward were found to be able to keep count up to eight.<br /><em>Associative & Observational learning:</em> Visual or auditory signals and their association with food and other rewards have been well studied and birds have been trained to recognize and distinguish complex shapes. Learning using rewards to reinforce responses is often used in laboratories to test intelligence. However, the ability of animals to learn by observation and imitation is considered more significant. Crows have been noted for their ability to learn from each other.<br /><em>Spatial and temporal abilities:</em> A common test of intelligence is the detour test. Most mammals discover that the objective is reached by first going away from the target. Domestic fowl fail on this test. Many species have been shown to be able to decide upon foraging areas according to the time of the year. Birds that show food caching behaviour have also shown the ability to recollect the locations of food caches. Studies also suggests that birds may be able to plan for the future. They cache food according to future needs and risk of not being able to find the food on subsequent days. Many birds follow strict time schedules in their activities. These are often dependent upon environmental cues. Birds also are sensitive to daylight length, and this awareness is especially important as a cue for migratory species. The ability to orient themselves during migrations is attributed to birds' superior sensory abilities, rather than to intelligence.<br /><em>Tool use:</em> Many birds have been shown capable of using tools. The definition of a tool has been debated. Tool use has been defined as the use of physical objects other than the animal's own body or appendages as a means to extend the physical influence realized by the animal. By this definition, an Egyptian vulture dropping a bone on a rock would not be using a tool since the rock cannot be seen as an extension of the body. However the use of a rock manipulated using the beak to crack an ostrich egg would qualify the Egyptian vulture as a tool user. Many other species, including parrots, corvids and a range of passerines, have been noted as tool users. New Caledonian Crows have been observed in the wild to use stick tools with their beaks to extract insects from logs. While young birds in the wild normally learn this technique from elders, a laboratory crow named "Betty" improvised a hooked tool from a wire with no prior experience. Crows in urban Japan have innovated a technique to crack hard-shelled nuts by dropping them onto crosswalks and letting them be run over and cracked by cars. They then retrieve the cracked nuts when the cars are stopped at the red light. Striated Herons (Butorides striatus) use bait to catch fish.<br /><em>Language:</em> (Main article: Talking birds)While birds have no form of spoken language, they do communicate with their flockmates through song, calls, and body language. Studies have shown that the intricate territorial songs of some birds must be learned at an early age, and that the memory of the song will serve the bird for the rest of its life. Some bird species are able to communicate in a variety of dialects. For example, the New Zealand saddleback will learn the different song "dialects" of clans of its own species, much as human beings might learn diverse regional dialects. Recent studies indicate that some birds may have an ability to understand grammatical structures.<br /><em>Conceptual abilities:</em> Evidence that birds can form abstract concepts such as same–different has been proven by Alex, the African grey parrot. Alex was trained to vocally label more than 100 objects of different colours and shapes and which are made from different materials. Alex can also request or refuse these objects ('I want X') and quantify numbers of them.<br /><em>Other abilities:</em> A study on the Little Green Bee-eater suggested that these birds may be able to see from the point of view of a predator. Such an ability to see from the point of view of another individual has been attributed only to the great apes. Such abilities form the basis for empathy.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/silly/story/0,10821,771701,00.html" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="58090"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.guardian.co.uk/silly/story/0,10821,771701,00.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Brainy crow upsets pecking order,</strong><br />by Tim Radford, science editor, Friday August 9, 2002, The Guardian<br />Betty the New Caledonian crow made a tool from a piece of garden wire and used it to hook a tasty morsel of meat out of a tube too deep for her beak. The Oxford experiment was an deliberate attempt to address a puzzle. Would the crows recognise a potential tool in something they had never seen before? "The question is: what kind of physics is it they understand? If you see a problem, pick up a straight wire and without instruction bend it into the right shape, and then extract the food, that means the animal is behaving as if it understands the required physical properties of an instrument," Prof Kacelnik said. And yet, Alexander Weir, Jackie Chappell and Alex Kacelnik report in Science today, when they supplied Betty with an appetising challenge and a 90mm length of pliant garden wire 0.8mm thick, she knew what to do.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6066606.stm" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="59095"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6066606.stm</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Oslo gay animal show draws crowds</strong><br />Last Updated: Thursday, 19 October 2006,<br />It says homosexuality has been observed among 1,500 species, and that in 500 of those it is well documented. The exhibition - entitled Against Nature? - includes photographs of one male giraffe mounting another, of apes stimulating others of the same sex, and two aroused male right whales rubbing against each other.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.livescience.com/bestimg/index.php?url=&cat=gayanimals" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="59546"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.livescience.com/bestimg/index.php?url=&cat=gayanimals</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>LiveScience.com - Gay Animals: Alternate Lifestyles in the Wild</strong><br /><em>Bonobo Chimpanzees:</em> Considered the closest living relative to humans, bonobos are not shy about seeking sexual pleasure. Nearly all of these peace-loving apes are bisexual and often resolve conflict by the "make love, not war" principle. They copulate frequently, scream out in delight while doing so, and often engage in homosexual activities. About two thirds of the homosexual activities are amongst females.</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-13811738972106074652008-03-18T20:07:00.000+01:002008-03-18T20:09:29.756+01:00Machines Enhanced with Neural Computing<a id="io4b" title="http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?id=" href="http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?id=125" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="42255"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?id=125</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Georgia Tech Researchers Use Lab Cultures to Control Robotic Device,</strong> </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Atlanta (April 24, 2003) The Hybrot, a small robot that moves about using the brain signals of a rat, is the first robotic device whose movements are controlled by a network of cultured neuron cells. Steve Potter and his research team in the Laboratory for Neuroengineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology are studying the basics of learning, memory, and information processing using neural networks in vitro. Their goal is to create computing systems that perform more like the human brain. Potter, a professor in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, presented his most recent findings last month during the Third International Conference on Substrate-Integrated Microelectrodes in Texas. As the lead researcher on a $1.2 million grant from the National Institutes of Health, Potter is connecting laboratory cultures containing living neurons to computers in order to create a simulated animal, which he describes as a neurally-controlled animat. </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /></span><a title="http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2004/02/19/brain_chip040219" href="http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2004/02/19/brain_chip040219" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="43422"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2004/02/19/brain_chip040219</span></a><a title="http://www.google.com/search?hl=" q="nerve+OR+brain+snail+chip+OR+microchip" href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=nerve+OR+brain+snail+chip+OR+microchip" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="43480"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=nerve+OR+brain+snail+chip+OR+microchip</span></a><br /></span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>“Calgary scientist grows brain cells on microchip,”</strong> CBC News, 1 March 2004<br />Canadian and German researchers have grown snail nerve cells on a microchip and showed the cells have memory and can communicate. The researchers say this melding of machine and biology has a wide-range of potential applications.. </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /></span><a title="http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8718" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="43893"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8718</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>“Robot moved by slime mould’s fears,”</strong> </span><br /></span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Will Knight, NewScientist, 13 Feb 2006.<br />A bright yellow slime mould that can grow to several metres in diameter has been put in charge of a scrabbling, six-legged robot. The Physarum polycephalum slime, which naturally shies away from light, controls the robot's movement so that it too keeps out of light and seeks out dark places in which to hide itself. They grew slime in a six-pointed star shape on top of a circuit and connected it remotely, via a computer, to the hexapod bot. Any light shone on sensors mounted on top of the robot were used to control light shone onto one of the six points of the circuit-mounted mould – each corresponding to a leg of the bot. As the slime tried to get away from the light its movement was sensed by the circuit and used to control one of the robot's six legs. The robot then scrabbled away from bright lights as a mechanical embodiment of the mould.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-19686960692543822832008-03-18T20:04:00.000+01:002008-03-18T20:07:04.167+01:00Animal with Enhanced Capabilities<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/975685" goog_docs_charindex="38012"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/975685</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">?</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>The difference between zero and one.,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by W Sweet, Clin Neurosurg. 1976; 23: pp. 32-51. </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">No abstract available.PMID: 975685 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</span><br /><br /><a href="http://www.downstate.edu/pharmacology/chapin.htm" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="38222"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.downstate.edu/pharmacology/chapin.htm</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Robot Arm Controlled Using Command Signals Recorded Directly from Brain Neurons.,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by J. K. Chapin,</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Our laboratory employs multi-electrode based brain interface technologies to investigate the control of movement by the sensory and motor systems in the brain. We have recently demonstrated that experimental animals can learn to control a robot arm using brain-derived signals alone, as recorded from neuronal populations in the motor cortex. This approach could be used to restore motor function in paralysis patients.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2000/monkeys-1206.html" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="38800"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2000/monkeys-1206.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Monkey controls robotic arm using brain signals sent over Internet.,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Elizabeth A. Thomson, News Office, December 6, 2000</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Monkeys in North Carolina have remotely operated a robotic arm 600 miles away in MIT's Touch Lab -- using their brain signals. The feat is based on a neural-recording system reported in the November 16 issue of Nature. In that system, tiny electrodes implanted in the animals' brains detected their brain signals as they controlled a robot arm to reach for a piece of food. According to the scientists from Duke University Medical Center, MIT and the State University of New York (SUNY) Health Science Center, the new system could form the basis for a brain-machine interface that would allow paralyzed patients to control the movement of prosthetic limbs. The Internet experiment "was a historic moment, the start of something totally new," Mandayam Srinivasan, director of MIT's Touch Lab, said in a November 15 story in the Wall Street Journal. They even tested whether the signals could be transmitted over a standard Internet connection, controlling a similar arm in MIT's Laboratory for Human and Machine Haptics, informally known as the Touch Lab. "When we initially conceived the idea of using monkey brain signals to control a distant robot across the Internet, we were not sure how variable delays in signal transmission would affect the outcome," said Dr. Srinivasan. "Even with a standard TCP/IP connection, it worked out beautifully. It was an amazing sight to see the robot in our lab move, knowing that it was being driven by signals from a monkey brain at Duke. It was as if the monkey had a 600-mile-long virtual arm."</span><br /><br /><a href="http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/19/4681" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="40523"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/19/4681</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Cortical Ensemble Adaptation to Represent Velocity of an Artificial Actuator Controlled by a Brain-Machine Interface.,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Mikhail A. Lebedev, Jose M. Carmena, Joseph E. O'Doherty, Miriam Zacksenhouse, Craig S. Henriquez, Jose C. Principe, and Miguel A. L. Nicolelis </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">The Journal of Neuroscience, May 11, 2005, 25(19):4681-4693; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4088-04.2005<br />Monkeys can learn to directly control the movements of an artificial actuator by using a brain-machine interface (BMI) driven by the activity of a sample of cortical neurons. Eventually, they can do so without moving their limbs. Neuronal adaptations underlying the transition from control of the limb to control of the actuator are poorly understood. Here, we show that rapid modifications in neuronal representation of velocity of the hand and actuator occur in multiple cortical areas during the operation of a BMI. Initially, monkeys controlled the actuator by moving a hand-held pole. During this period, the BMI was trained to predict the actuator velocity. As the monkeys started using their cortical activity to control the actuator, the activity of individual neurons and neuronal populations became less representative of the animal's hand movements while representing the movements of the actuator. As a result of this adaptation, the animals could eventually stop moving their hands yet continue to control the actuator. These results show that, during BMI control, cortical ensembles represent behaviorally significant motor parameters, even if these are not associated with movements of the animal's own limb. </span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-17433997464393629012008-03-18T19:52:00.001+01:002008-07-16T20:25:13.032+02:00Animal Communications<span style="font-size:85%;color:#990000;"><strong><em>Communication thru smell / Pheromones</em></strong></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong></strong><br />http://pubs.acs.org/cen/critter/plantsbugs.html<br /><strong>Plants to Bugs: Buzz Off!,Plants Use Volatile Signaling Compounds to Fend Off Attack and Possibly Warn Nearby Plants<br /></strong>by Sophie Wilkinson,Chemical & Engineering News, June 30, 2001.<br />Plants may seem passive in the face of an attack by insects, but they aren't. In fact, plants can marshal elegant defenses in order to do battle with their enemies. And they just might be able to inform their neighbors that they're in danger.<br /><br /><a href="http://discovermagazine.com/2002/apr/featplants">http://discovermagazine.com/2002/apr/featplants</a><br /><strong>Talking Plants: Plants have more than thorns and thistles to protect themselves—they can cry for help</strong><br />by Sharman Apt Russell, Discover Magazine, 04.01.2002<br />Baldwin, a biologist and the director of the Molecular Ecology Department at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena, Germany, has stationed his equipment here to launch a new study of how plants defend themselves—a question he has pursued for 20 years. He and his colleagues are using chemical sensors to investigate plant communications: cries for help, invitations, even warnings, each in the form of odor molecules that float past human noses unnoticed. The harder biologists look for these signals, the more they find. They have already discovered that plants can send chemical cues to repel insect enemies, as well as signals that attract allies—other insects that are pleased to eat the insects eating the plant. But that is only the start of a more complex scenario, for Baldwin and others have also found that nearby plants can listen in to this conversation and gear up their own defenses.<br /><br /><br /><strong><em><span style="color:#990000;">Communication thru behaviour</span></em></strong><br /><br />http://www.sciencedirect.com<br /><strong>Lateralization of Olfaction in the Honeybee Apis mellifera</strong><br />Pinar Letzkus, Willi A. Ribi, Jeff T. Wood, Hong Zhu, Shao-Wu Zhang and Mandyam V. Srinivasan;<br />Current Biology, Vol.16 (14) 25 July 2006, pp.1471-1476<br /><em>Summary:</em> Lateralization of function is a well-known phenomenon in humans. The two hemispheres of the human brain are functionally specialized such that certain cognitive skills, such as </span><a name="hit1" goog_docs_charindex="31569"></a><span style="font-size:85%;">language or musical ability, conspecific recognition, and even emotional responses, are mediated by one hemisphere more than the other. Studies over the past 30 years suggest that lateralization occurs in other vertebrate species as well. In general, lateralization is observed in different sensory modalities in humans as well as vertebrates, and there are interesting parallels. However, little is known about functional asymmetry in invertebrates </span><a name="bbib13" goog_docs_charindex="32020"></a><span style="font-size:85%;">and there is only one investigation in insects. Here we show, for the first time, that the honeybee Apis mellifera displays a clear laterality in responding to learned odors. By training honeybees on two different versions of the well-known proboscis extension reflex, we demonstrate that </span><a name="hit2" goog_docs_charindex="32310"></a><span style="font-size:85%;">bees respond to odors better when they are trained through their right antenna. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of asymmetrical learning performance in an insect.</span><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><br />http://www.sciencedirect.com<br /><strong>Do honeybees have two discrete dances to advertise food sources?</strong><br /></span><a name="au1" goog_docs_charindex="32605"></a><span style="font-size:85%;">by Kathryn E. Gardner</span><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6W9W-4RYXST3-1&_user=5149300&_coverDate=03%2F03%2F2008&_alid=707768905&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=search&_cdi=6693&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=22&_acct=C000066403&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=5149300&md5=5a46c94cc8457f56764ff32f4d90649f#aff1" goog_docs_charindex="32627"></a><span style="font-size:85%;">, </span><a name="au2" goog_docs_charindex="32630"></a><span style="font-size:85%;">Thomas D. Seeley and </span><a name="au3" goog_docs_charindex="32652"></a><span style="font-size:85%;">Nicholas W. Calderone; Animal Behaviour, 17 Sept 2007<br />The honeybee, Apis mellifera, dance </span><a name="hit1" goog_docs_charindex="32746"></a><span style="font-size:85%;">language, used to communicate the location of profitable food resources, is one of the most versatile forms of nonprimate communication. Karl von Frisch described this communication system in terms of two distinct dances: (1) the round dance, which indicates the presence of a desirable food source close to the hive but does not provide information about its direction and (2) the waggle dance, which indicates the presence of a desirable food source more than 100 m from the hive and its provides information about both its distance and its direction. The view that honeybees have two discrete recruitment dances has been widely accepted since its inception in the 1920s. However, there are few detailed examinations of the behavioural parameters of dances over the range of food-source distances represented by round dances and waggle dances. Here, we show that both the round dance and the waggle dance convey information about distance and direction and that there is no clear switch between the two. We conclude that it is most meaningful to view the round and waggle dances as the ends of a continuum and that honeybees have just one adjustable recruitment signal: the waggle dance.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/">http://www.sciencedirect.com/</a></span><br /></span><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>Social Learning in Insects — From Miniature Brains to Consensus Building</strong> </span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">by Ellouise Leadbeater and Lars Chittka; Current Biology, Vol. 17 (16), 21 Aug 2007, pp. R703-R713</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Communication and learning from each other are part of the success of insect societies. Here, we review a spectrum of social information usage in insects — from inadvertently provided cues to signals shaped by selection specifically for information transfer. We pinpoint the sensory modalities involved and, in some cases, quantify the adaptive benefits. Well substantiated cases of social learning among the insects include learning about predation threat and floral rewards, the transfer of route information using a symbolic ‘</span><a style="FONT-FAMILY: tahoma" name="hit1" goog_docs_charindex="34687"></a><span style="font-size:85%;">language’ (the honeybee dance) and the rapid spread of chemosensory preferences through honeybee colonies via classical conditioning procedures. More controversial examples include the acquisition of motor memories by observation, teaching in ants and behavioural traditions in honeybees. In many cases, simple mechanistic explanations can de identified for such complex behaviour patterns.</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><br /><strong><em><span style="color:#990000;">Communication by bodylanguage</span></em></strong><br /><strong><em><span style="color:#660000;"></span></em></strong><br /><a href="http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/lxv587332871j3g7/">http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/lxv587332871j3g7/</a><br /><strong>Rapid facial mimicry in orangutan play.;</strong><br />by Marina Davila Ross, Susanne Menzler, Elke Zimmermann, Biology Letters, Vol 4, No 1 / Feb. 23, 2008, pp. 27-30, DOI 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0535,<br /><em>Abstract:</em> Emotional contagion enables individuals to experience emotions of others. This important empathic phenomenon is closely linked to facial mimicry, where facial displays evoke the same facial expressions in social partners. In humans, facial mimicry can be voluntary or involuntary, whereby its latter mode can be processed as rapid as within or at 1s. Thus far, studies have not provided evidence of rapid involuntary facial mimicry in animals. This study assessed whether rapid involuntary facial mimicry is present in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus; N=25) for their open-mouth faces (OMFs) during everyday dyadic play. Results clearly indicated that orangutans rapidly mimicked OMFs of their playmates within or at 1s. Our study revealed the first evidence on rapid involuntary facial mimicry in non-human mammals. This finding suggests that fundamental building blocks of positive emotional contagion and empathy that link to rapid involuntary facial mimicry in humans have homologues in non-human primates. Keywords: orangutan, rapid facial mimicry, involuntary responses, emotional contagion, empathy.<br /><br /><br /><strong><em><span style="color:#660000;">Vocal Communication</span></em></strong><br /><strong><em><span style="color:#660000;"></span></em></strong><br /><strong>King's Psychology Network: Animal Learning, Language, and Cognition</strong>, </span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>Current Research Projects</strong> <a href="http://www.psyking.net/id31.htm">http://www.psyking.net/id31.htm</a><br /><strong>Jane Goodall Institute;</strong> <a href="http://www.janegoodall.org/">http://www.janegoodall.org/</a><br /><strong>Sue Savage-Rumbaugh at the Language Research Center - </strong></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>GA State University;</strong> <a href="http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwlrc">http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwlrc</a><br /><strong>Lynn Miles and the Chantek Foundation;</strong> <a href="http://www.chantek.org/">http://www.chantek.org/</a><br /><strong>Rob Shumaker and the Orang-utan Language Project at the National Zoo;</strong> <a href="http://natzoo.si.edu/News/shumaker.htm">http://natzoo.si.edu/News/shumaker.htm</a><br /><strong>Francine "Penny" Patterson, The Gorilla Foundation and Project Koko;</strong> <a href="http://www.koko.org/">http://www.koko.org/</a><br /><strong>Roger and Deborah Fouts and the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute (CHCI) at </strong></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>Central Washington University;</strong> <a href="http://www.cwu.edu/~cwuchci/welcome.html">http://www.cwu.edu/~cwuchci/welcome.html</a><br /><strong>Matsuzawa Tetsuro and the Primate Research Institute, </strong></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><strong>Kyoto University, Japan;</strong> <a href="http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/index.html">http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/index.html</a>, <a href="http://www.pri.kyoto-u-ac.jp/ai/index-E.htm">http://www.pri.kyoto-u-ac.jp/ai/index-E.htm</a><br /><strong>Irene Pepperberg and the Alex Foundation;</strong> <a href="http://www.alexfoundation.org/">http://www.alexfoundation.org/</a><br /><strong>The N'Kisi Project;</strong> <a href="http://www.sheldrake.org/nkisi">http://www.sheldrake.org/nkisi</a><br /><strong>The Language and Culture of Crows;</strong> <a href="http://www.crows.net/">http://www.crows.net/</a><br /><strong>Dr. Ken Marten and Project Delphis - Dolphin Cognition Research;</strong> <a href="http://www.earthtrust.org/delphis.html">http://www.earthtrust.org/delphis.html</a><br /><strong>John C. Lilly and Interspecies Communication Between Man and Dolphin;</strong> <a href="http://deoxy.org/lilly.htm">http://deoxy.org/lilly.htm</a><br /><strong>Rupert Sheldrake;</strong> <a href="http://www.sheldrake.org/">http://www.sheldrake.org/</a> </span><br /></span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Stimulus control and auditory discrimination learning sets in the bottlenose dolphin.</span><br />Herman LM, Arbeit WR. J Exp Anal Behav. 1973 May;19(3):379-394.<br />The learning efficiency of an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin was evaluated using auditory discrimination learning-set tasks. Efficiency, as measured by the probability of a correct response on Trial 2 of a new discrete-trial, two-choice auditory discrimination problem, reached levels comparable to those attained by advanced species of nonhuman primates. Runs of errorless problems in some cases rivaled those reported for individual rhesus monkeys in visual discrimination learning-set tasks. This level of stimulus control of responses to new auditory discriminanda was attained through (a) the development of a sequential within-trial method for presentation of a pair of auditory discriminanda; (b) the extensive use of fading methods to train initial discriminations, followed by the fadeout of the use of fading; (c) the development of listening behavior through control of the animal's responses during projection of the auditory discriminanda; and (d) the use of highly discriminable auditory stimuli, by applying results of a parametric evaluation of discriminability of selected acoustic variables. Learning efficiency was tested using a cueing method on Trial 1 of each new discrimination, to allow the animal to identify the positive stimulus before its response. Efficiency was also tested with the more common blind baiting method, in which the Trial 1 response was reinforced on only a random half of the problems. Efficiency was high for both methods. The overall results were generally in keeping with exceptations of learning capacity based on the large size and high degree of cortical complexity of the brain of the bottlenose dolphin.<br />PMID: 16811670 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Auditory delayed matching in the bottlenose dolphin.</span><br />Herman LM, Gordon JA. J Exp Anal Behav. 1974 Jan;21(1):19-26.<br />A bottlenose dolphin, already highly proficient in two-choice auditory discriminations, was trained over a nine-day period on auditory delayed matching-to-sample and then tested on 346 unique matching problems, as a function of the delay between the sample and test sounds. Each problem used new sounds and was from five to 10 trials long, with the same sound used as the sample for all trials of a problem. At each trial, the sample was projected underwater for 2.5 sec, followed by a delay and then by a sequence of two 2.5-sec duration test sounds. One of the test sounds matched the sample and was randomly first or second in the sequence, and randomly appeared at either a left or right speaker. Responses to the locus of the matching test sound were reinforced. Over nine, varying-sized blocks of problems, the longest delay of a set of delays in a block was progressively increased from 15 sec initially to a final value of 120 sec. There was a progressive increase across the early blocks in the percentage of correct Trial 1 responses. A ceiling-level of 100% correct responses was then attained over the final six blocks, during which there were 169 successive Trial 1 responses bracketed by two Trial 1 errors (at 24- and 120-sec delays). Performance on trials beyond the first followed a similar trend. Finally, when the sample duration was decreased to 0.2 sec or less, matching performance on Trial 1 of new problems dropped to chance levels.<br />PMID: 4204143 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Discrimination of auditory temporal differences by the bottlenose dolphin and by the human.</span><br />Yunker MP, Herman LM. J Acoust Soc Am. 1974 Dec;56(6):1870-5.<br />PMID: 4443487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Underwater frequency discrimination in the bottlenosed dolphin (1-140 kHz) and the human (1-8 kHz).</span><br />Thompson RK, Herman LM. J Acoust Soc Am. 1975 Apr;57(4):943-8<br />PMID: 1133262 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Bottle-nosed dolphin: double-slit pupil yields equivalent aerial and underwater diurnal acuity.</span><br />Herman LM, Peacock MF, Yunker MP, Madsen CJ. Science. 1975 Aug 22;189(4203):650-2.<br />In bright daylight, and at best viewing distances, the bottlenosed dolphin resolves visual gratings approximately equally well in air and in water. Aerial resolution improves with increased viewing distance, while underwater resolution improves with decreased viewing distance. The double-slit pipil overcomes the gross myopia in air measured by ophthalmoscope and produces the indicated effects of viewing distance.<br />PMID: 1162351 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Memory for lists of sounds by the bottle-nosed dolphin: convergence of memory processes with humans?</span><br />Thompson RK, Herman LM. Science. 1977 Feb 4;195(4277):501-3.<br />After listening to a list of as many as six discriminably different 2-second sounds, a bottle-nosed dolphin classified a subsequent probe sound as either "old" (from the list) or "new." The probability of recognizing an old probe was close to 1.0 if it matched the most recent sound in the list and decreased sigmoidally for successively earlier list sounds. Memory span was estimated to be at least four sounds. Overall probabilities of correctly classifying old and new probes corresponded closely, as if recognition decisions were made according to an optimum maximum likelihood criterion. The data bore many similarities to data obtained from humans tested on probe recognition tasks.<br />PMID: 835012 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Comprehension of sentences by bottlenosed dolphins.</span><br />Herman LM, Richards DG, Wolz JP. Cognition. 1984 Mar;16(2):129-219.<br />PMID: 6540652 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Vocal mimicry of computer-generated sounds and vocal labeling of objects by a bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus.</span><br />Richards DG, Wolz JP, Herman LM. J Comp Psychol. 1984 Mar;98(1):10-28.<br />A bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was trained to mimic computer-generated "model" sounds, using a whistle mode of vocalization. Prior to training, the whistle sounds of this dolphin were limited to a few stereotyped forms, none of which resembled the model sounds. After training, high-fidelity imitations were obtained of model sounds having (a) moderately or widely swept, slow-rate frequency modulation (1-2 Hz), (b) narrowly or moderately swept frequency modulation at moderate to rapid rates (3-11 Hz), (c) square-wave frequency transitions, and (d) unmodulated (pure-tone) waveforms. New models, not heard previously, could be mimicked immediately, often with good fidelity, including mimicry of amplitude variation that had not been explicitly reinforced during training. Subsets of familiar models were mimicked with high reliability in repeated tests. In additional training, control of the mimic response was transferred from the acoustic model to objects shown the dolphin (e.g., a ball or a hoop) so that, in effect, the dolphin gave unique vocal labels to those objects. In a test of accuracy and reliability of labeling, correct vocal labels were given on 91% of 167 trials comprised of five different objects presented in random order. The dolphin's ability for vocal mimicry compared favorably with that of the more versatile mimic birds, and it contrasted sharply with the apparent lack of vocal mimicry ability in terrestrial mammals other than humans. The ability to label objects vocally was similar to abilities shown for some birds and similar, in principle, to abilities of great apes trained in visual languages to label objects through gestures or other visual symbols. <br />PMID: 6705501 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Reporting presence or absence of named objects by a language-trained dolphin.</span><br />Herman LM, Forestell PH. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1985 Winter;9(4):667-81.<br />Referential "reporting" was defined as the transmission of information about the presence or absence of symbolically-referenced real-world objects. In Experiment 1 two bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), trained in earlier studies to carry out instructions conveyed by imperative sentences expressed in artificial gestural or acoustic languages, each gave spontaneous indications that an object referenced in an imperative was absent from their tank. In Experiment 2 the dolphin tutored in the gestural language was taught to make explicit reports of object absence by pressing a "No" paddle in response to imperatives referencing an absent object. Absence was reported correctly on 84% of 97 missing-object probes inserted at random intervals among 598 sentences referring to objects that were present. Reports were typically made after active search of the tank for an average of 15.0 sec. False reports, that objects present were absent, were few (7.5%). In Experiment 3, the dolphin was taught an interrogative sentence form that enabled us to ask direct questions about the presence or absence of specific objects. Responses by the dolphin on the No paddle indicated absence, while responses on a "Yes" paddle indicated presence. From one to three objects were shown the dolphin and then placed in the tank in a discrete-trial procedure. In response to the interrogative, reports or object presence or absence were better than 91% correct with a single object in the tank and either that object or some other object referenced; accuracy declined to 72-78% correct with three objects present, but was still well above chance. Several lines of evidence suggested that the dolphin was attempting to remember which objects it had been shown, rather than conducting an active environmental search as in Experiment 2. The memory strategy became less efficient as the number of objects to be remembered increased. Overall, the results evidenced the language-trained dolphin's understanding of references to present or absent objects, its ability to inventory its environment to seek information about those objects, and its ability to report its obtained knowledge to others.<br />PMID: 4080284 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Bottlenosed dolphin and human recognition of veridical and degraded video displays of an artificial gestural language.</span><br />Herman LM, Morrel-Samuels P, Pack AA. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1990 Jun;119(2):215-30.<br />Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96814.<br />2 bottlenosed dolphins proficient in interpreting gesture language signs viewed veridical and degraded gestures via TV without explicit training. In Exp. 1, dolphins immediately understood most gestures: Performance was high throughout degradations successively obscuring the head, torso, arms, and fingers, though deficits occurred for gestures degraded to a point-light display (PLD) of the signer's hands. In Exp. 2, humans of varying gestural fluency saw the PLD and veridical gestures from Exp. 1. Again, performance declined in the PLD condition. Though the dolphin recognized gestures as accurately as fluent humans, effects of the gesture's formational properties were not identical for humans and dolphin. Results suggest that the dolphin uses a network of semantic and gestural representations, that bottom-up processing predominates when the dolphin's short-term memory is taxed, and that recognition is affected by variables germane to grammatical category, short-term memory, and visual perception.<br />PMID: 2141354 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Responses to anomalous gestural sequences by a language-trained dolphin: evidence for processing of semantic relations and syntactic information.</span><br />Herman LM, Kuczaj SA 2nd, Holder MD. J Exp Psychol Gen. 1993 Jun;122(2):184-94.<br />Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu 96814.<br />This study examined the responses of a bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) to "normal" (semantically and syntactically correct) sequences of gestures and to anomalous sequences given within an artificial gestural language highly familiar to the animal. Anomalous sequences violated the semantic rules or syntactic constraints of the language. The dolphin discriminated anomalous from normal sequences in that rejections (refusals to respond) occurred to some anomalous sequences but never to normal sequences. Rejections rarely occurred, however, if the anomalous sequence contained a subset of gestures that would comprise a normal unit if joined together. Such units were typically perceived by the dolphin and responded to even if they consisted of gestures that were not sequentially adjacent. All semantic elements of a sequence were processed by the dolphin in relation to other elements before the dolphin organized its final response. The results show the importance of both semantic properties and semantic relations of the referents of the gestures and of syntactic (ordering) constraints in the dolphin's interpretations of the anomalies.<br />PMID: 8315399 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Sensory integration in the bottlenosed dolphin: immediate recognition of complex shapes across the senses of echolocation and vision.</span><br />Pack AA, Herman LM. J Acoust Soc Am. 1995 Aug;98(2 Pt 1):722-33.<br />Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 96814, USA.<br />In matching-to-sample tests, a bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was found capable of immediately recognizing a variety of complexly shaped objects both within the senses of vision or echolocation and, also, across these two senses. The immediacy of recognition indicated that shape information registers directly in the dolphin's perception of objects through either vision or echolocation, and that these percepts are readily shared or integrated across the senses. Accuracy of intersensory recognition was nearly errorless regardless of whether the sample objects were presented to the echolocation sense and the alternatives to the visual sense (E-V matching) or the reverse, with samples presented to the visual sense and alternatives to the echolocation sense (V-E matching). Furthermore, during V-E matching, the dolphin was equally facile at recognition whether the sample objects exposed to vision were "live," presented in air in the real world, or were images displayed on a television screen placed behind an underwater window. Overall, the results suggested that what a dolphin "sees" through echolocation is functionally similar to what it sees through vision.<br />PMID: 7642811 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Seeing through sound: dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) perceive the spatial structure of objects through echolocation.</span><br />Herman LM, Pack AA, Hoffmann-Kuhnt M. J Comp Psychol. 1998 Sep;112(3):292-305.<br />Psychology Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA. lherman@hawaii.edu<br />Experiment 1 tested a dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) for cross-modal recognition of 25 unique pairings of 8 familiar, complexly shaped objects, using the senses of echolocation and vision. Cross-modal recognition was errorless or nearly so for 24 of the 25 pairings under both visual to echoic matching (V-E) and echoic to visual matching (E-V). First-trial recognition occurred for 20 pairings under V-E and for 24 under E-V. Echoic decision time under V-E averaged only 1.88 s. Experiment 2 tested 4 new pairs of objects for 24 trials of V-E and 24 trials of E-V without any prior exposure of these objects. Two pairs yielded performance significantly above chance in both V-E and E-V. Also, the dolphin matched correctly on 7 of 8 1st trials with these pairs. The results support a capacity for direct echoic perception of object shape by this species and demonstrate that prior object exposure is not required for spontaneous cross-modal recognition.<br />PMID: 9770316 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprehend the referential character of the human pointing gesture.</span><br />Herman LM, Abichandani SL, Elhajj AN, Herman EY, Sanchez JL, Pack AA. J Comp Psychol. 1999 Dec;113(4):347-64.<br />Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA<br />The authors tested a dolphin's (Tursiops truncatus) understanding of human manual pointing gestures to 3 distal objects located to the left of, to the right of, or behind the dolphin. The human referred to an object through a direct point (Pd), a cross-body point (Px), or a familiar symbolic gesture (S). In Experiment 1, the dolphin responded correctly to 80% of Pds toward laterally placed objects but to only 40% of Pds to the object behind. Responding to objects behind improved to 88% in Experiment 2 after exaggerated pointing was briefly instituted. Spontaneous comprehension of Pxs also was demonstrated. In Experiment 3, the human produced a sequence of 2 Pds, 2 Pxs, 2 Ss, or all 2-way combinations of these 3 to direct the dolphin to take the object referenced second to the object referenced first. Accuracy ranged from 68% to 77% correct (chance = 17%). These results established that the dolphin understood the referential character of the human manual pointing gesture.<br />PMID: 10608559 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Generalization of 'same-different' classification abilities in bottlenosed dolphins.</span><br />Mercado E, Killebrew DA, Pack AA, Mácha IV IV, Herman LM. Behav Processes. 2000 Aug 17;50(2-3):79-94.<br />Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory, 1129 Ala Moana Boulevard, 96814, Honolulu, HI, USA<br />Two bottlenosed dolphins taught to classify pairs of three-dimensional objects as either same or different were tested with novel stimulus sets to determine how well their classification abilities would generalize. Both dolphins were immediately able to classify novel pairs of planar objects, differing only in shape, as same or different. When tested on sets of three objects consisting of either all different objects or of two identical objects and one different object, both dolphins proved to be able to classify 'all different' sets as different and 'not all different' sets as same, at levels significantly above chance. These data suggest that dolphins can use knowledge about similarity-based classification strategies gained from previous training to perform successfully in a variety of novel same-different classification tasks. Visual classificatory abilities of dolphins appear to be comparable to those that have been demonstrated in primates.<br />PMID: 10969185 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The object behind the echo: dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) perceive object shape globally through echolocation.</span><br />Pack AA, Herman LM, Hoffmann-Kuhnt M, Branstetter BK. Behav Processes. 2002 May 28;58(1-2):1-26.<br />Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory, 1129 Ala Moana Boulevard, 96814, Honolulu, HI, USA<br />Two experiments tested a bottlenosed dolphin's ability to match objects across echolocation and vision. Matching was tested from echolocation sample to visual alternatives (E-V) and from visual sample to echolocation alternatives (V-E). In Experiment 1, the dolphin chose a match from among three-alternative objects that differed in overall (global) shape, but shared several 'local' features with the sample. The dolphin conducted a right-to-left serial nonexhaustive search among the alternatives, stopping when a match was encountered. It matched correctly on 93% of V-E trials and on 99% of E-V trials with completely novel combinations of objects despite the presence of many overlapping features. In Experiment 2, a fourth alternative was added in the form of a paddle that the dolphin could press if it decided that none of the three-alternatives matched the sample. When a match was present, the dolphin selected it on 94% of V-E trials and 95% of E-V trials. When a match was absent, the dolphin pressed the paddle on 74% and 76%, respectively, of V-E and E-V trials. The approximate 25% error rate, which consisted of a choice of one of the three non-matching alternatives in lieu of the paddle press, increased from right to center to left alternative object, reflecting successively later times in the dolphin's search path. A weakening in memory for the sample seemed the most likely cause of this error pattern. Overall, the results gave strong support to the hypothesis that the echolocating dolphin represents an object by its global appearance rather than by local features.<br />PMID: 11955768 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprehend the referent of both static and dynamic human gazing and pointing in an object-choice task.</span><br />Pack AA, Herman LM. J Comp Psychol. 2004 Jun;118(2):160-71.<br />Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory, Honolulu, HI 96814, USA. pack@hawaii.edu<br />The authors tested 2 bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) for their understanding of human-directed gazing or pointing in a 2-alternative object-choice task. A dolphin watched a human informant either gazing at or pointing toward 1 of 2 laterally placed objects and was required to perform a previously indicated action to that object. Both static and dynamic gaze, as well as static and dynamic direct points and cross-body points, yielded errorless or nearly errorless performance. Gaze with the informant's torso obscured (only the head was shown) produced no performance decrement, but gaze with eyes only resulted in chance performance. The results revealed spontaneous understanding of human gaze accomplished through head orientation, with or without the human informant's eyes obscured, and demonstrated that gaze-directed cues were as effective as point-directed cues in the object-choice task.<br />PMID: 15250803 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Song copying by humpback whales: themes and variations.</span><br />Mercado E 3rd, Herman LM, Pack AA. Anim Cogn. 2005 Apr;8(2):93-102. Epub 2004 Oct 15.<br />Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. emiii@buffalo.edu<br />Male humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) produce long, structured sequences of sound underwater, commonly called "songs." Humpbacks progressively modify their songs over time in ways that suggest that individuals are copying song elements that they hear being used by other singers. Little is known about the factors that determine how whales learn from their auditory experiences. Song learning in birds is better understood and appears to be constrained by stable core attributes such as species-specific sound repertoires and song syntax. To clarify whether similar constraints exist for song learning by humpbacks, we analyzed changes over 14 years in the sounds used by humpback whales singing in Hawaiian waters. We found that although the properties of individual sounds within songs are quite variable over time, the overall distribution of certain acoustic features within the repertoire appears to be stable. In particular, our findings suggest that species-specific constraints on temporal features of song sounds determine song form, whereas spectral variability allows whales to flexibly adapt song elements.<br />PMID: 15490289 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Acoustic properties of humpback whale songs.</span><br />Au WW, Pack AA, Lammers MO, Herman LM, Deakos MH, Andrews K. J Acoust Soc Am. 2006 Aug;120(2):1103-10.<br />Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, P.O. Box 1106, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA. wau@hawaii.edu<br />A vertical array of five hydrophones was used to measure the acoustic field in the vertical plane of singing humpback whales. Once a singer was located, two swimmers with snorkel gear were deployed to determine the orientation of the whale and position the boat so that the array could be deployed in front of the whale at a minimum standoff distance of at least 10 m. The spacing of the hydrophones was 7 m with the deepest hydrophone deployed at a depth of 35 m. An eight-channel TASCAM recorder with a bandwidth of 24 kHz was used to record the hydrophone signals. The location (distance and depth) of the singer was determined by computing the time of arrival differences between the hydrophone signals. The maximum source level varied between individual units in a song, with values between 151 and 173 dB re 1 microPa. One of the purposes of this study was to estimate potential sound exposure of nearby conspecifics. The acoustic field determined by considering the relative intensity of higher frequency harmonics in the signals indicated that the sounds are projected in the horizontal direction despite the singer being canted head downward anywhere from about 25 degrees to 90 degrees. High-frequency harmonics extended beyond 24 kHz, suggesting that humpback whales may have an upper frequency limit of hearing as high as 24 kHz.<br />PMID: 16938996 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) echoic angular discrimination: effects of object separation and complexity.</span><br />Branstetter BK, Mevissen SJ, Pack AA, Herman LM, Roberts SR, Carsrud LK. J Acoust Soc Am. 2007 Jan;121(1):626-35.<br />Psychology Department, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822-2294, USA. branstet@hawaii.edu<br />A bottlenose dolphin was tested on its ability to echoically discriminate horizontal angular differences between arrays of vertically oriented air-filled PVC rods. The blindfolded dolphin was required to station in a submerged hoop 2 radial m from the stimuli and indicate if an array with two rods (S+) was to the right or the left of a single rod (S-). The angular separation between the two rods (thetaw) was held constant within each experiment while the angle between the S+ and the S-stimuli (thetab) varied to produce angular differences (deltatheta= thetab-thetaw) ranging from 0.25 to 4 degrees. In experiment I, thetaw was maintained at 2 degrees and in experiment II, thetaw was maintained at 4 degrees. Resulting 75% correct thresholds (method of constant stimuli) were 1.5 and 0.7 degrees, respectively. The two main findings of this study are: (1) decreasing the number of targets does not aid in localization, and (2) increasing the space between the rods enhances localization. Taken as a whole, the experiments suggest dolphins have a well-developed ability to resolve spatial information through sonar.<br />PMID: 17297816 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">The dolphin's (Tursiops truncatus) understanding of human gazing and pointing: knowing what and where.</span><br />Pack AA, Herman LM. J Comp Psychol. 2007 Feb;121(1):34-45.<br />Dolphin Institute, Honolulu, HI 96814, USA. pack@hawaii.edu<br />The authors tested whether the understanding by dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) of human pointing and head-gazing cues extends to knowing the identity of an indicated object as well as its location. In Experiment 1, the dolphins Phoenix and Akeakamai processed the identity of a cued object (of 2 that were present), as shown by their success in selecting a matching object from among 2 alternatives remotely located. Phoenix was errorless on first trials in this task. In Experiment 2, Phoenix reliably responded to a cued object in alternate ways, either by matching it or by acting directly on it, with each type of response signaled by a distinct gestural command given after the indicative cue. She never confused matching and acting. In Experiment 3, Akeakamai was able to process the geometry of pointing cues (but not head-gazing cues), as revealed by her errorless responses to either a proximal or distal object simultaneously present, when each object was indicated only by the angle at which the informant pointed. The overall results establish that these dolphins could identify, through indicative cues alone, what a human is attending to as well as where.<br />PMID: 17324073 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"><br />Cetaceans have complex brains for complex cognition.</span><br />Marino L, Connor RC, Fordyce RE, Herman LM, Hof PR, Lefebvre L, Lusseau D, McCowan B, Nimchinsky EA, Pack AA, Rendell L, Reidenberg JS, Reiss D, Uhen MD, Van der Gucht E, Whitehead H. PLoS Biol. 2007 May;5(5):e139.<br />Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America. lmarino@emory.edu<br />PMID: 17503965 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-73394668710091172632008-03-18T19:17:00.001+01:002008-07-16T20:15:38.129+02:00Neural Enhanced Animals as a Tool in Espionage<p><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/11/04/wcia04.xml" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="9227"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/11/04/wcia04.xml</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>CIA recruited cat to bug Russians,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Charlotte Edwardes, Telegraph Media Group Limited 2008, </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">THE CIA tried to uncover the Kremlin's deepest secrets during the 1960s by turning cats into walking bugging devices, recently declassified documents show. In one experiment during the Cold War a cat, dubbed Acoustic Kitty, was wired up for use as an eavesdropping platform. It was hoped that the animal - which was surgically altered to accommodate transmitting and control devices - could listen to secret conversations from window sills, park benches or dustbins. By coincidence, in 1966, a British film called Spy With a Cold Nose featured a dog wired up to eavesdrop on the Russians.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/133/3457/1010" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="9999"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/133/3457/1010</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Auditory Information from Subcortical Electrical Stimulation in Cats,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Philip C. Nieder and William D. Neff, Science 31 March 1961 Vol. 133. no. 3457, pp. 1010 - 1011DOI: 10.1126/science.133.3457.1010. Laboratory of Physiological Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Animals trained to respond to sound stimuli were found to perform the learned response when they were electrically stimulated through electrodes chronically implanted in subcortical structures of the auditory pathway. Other animals trained to respond to electrical stimulation of subcortical auditory structures showed differential transfer effects depending on the positions of the stimulating electrodes.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1415469.stm" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="10765"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1415469.stm</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>MI5 records reveal gerbil spycatcher plan;</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">BBC News UK, Saturday, 30 June, 2001</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Security Service MI5 once planned to recruit a team of specially-trained gerbils as a secret weapon to sniff out spies, it has been revealed. The animals were to help interrogate suspects because they could use their acute sense of smell to detect a rise in adrenalin - the chemical released in sweat when people feel under stress.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1961798.stm" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="11244"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1961798.stm</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Here come the ratbots,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Dr David Whitehouse, BBC News Online science editor, Wednesday, 1 May, 2002, </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Guided rats controlled through implants in their brains could one day be used to search for landmines or buried victims of earthquakes, scientists say. The research team is led by Dr Sanjiv Talwar, of the State University of New York, US.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://www.parallax.com/dl/docs/article/Roborat.pdf" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="11646"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.parallax.com/dl/docs/article/Roborat.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>A multi-channel telemetry system for brain microstimulation in freely roaming animals.,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Shaohua Xua Sanjiv K. Talwar Emerson S. Hawley Lei Li John K. Chapin, </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Journal of Neuroscience Methods 12 Sept. 2003</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Pioneering work on telestimulation devices began in the 1930s (Light and Chaffee, 1934; Loucks, 1934), and continued for many years thereafter (Delgado et al., 1975; Gengerelli, 1961; Greer and Riggle, 1957; Lafferty and Farrell, 1949; Warner et al., 1968). These devices have limitations, however, that tend to prevent them from fulfilling the requirements of modern neurophysiological investigations: (1) Most provided only a single channel of stimulation allowing only one brain site to be excited at a time. (2) The fidelity of the transmission was usually poor. For example, the stimulus intensity tended to be dependent on the amplitude of the received analog signal, which varies with transmission fidelity. (3) Even though investigators put much effort into reducing the size and weight of the receiver that was implanted or mounted on the animal, the excessive size and weight of the stimulus generators and transmitters, plus the high power required to maintain transmission fidelity, confined the use only to specific laboratory locations. (4) Most of the systems generated mono-phasic pulses, which can cause electrolytic tissue injury and electrode damage (Lilly, 1961). This is less desirable than modern devices that use charge-balanced biphasic pulses. Little progress has been made over the last two decades in developing miniaturized multi-channel brain tele-stimulation devices for small animal research. Here, we describe the development of a novel miniaturized digital telestimulation system that has enabled us to remotely deliver stimulation to multiple brain sites of freely moving animals (rats).</span><br /><br /><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/468857.stm" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="13538"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/468857.stm</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Sci/Tech: Computer uses cat's brain to see, </strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Scientists have literally seen the world through cat's eyes,</strong> </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Dr David Whitehouse, BBC News Science, Oct 8, 1999 Published at 20:57 GMT 21:57 UK</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">According to a paper published in the Journal of Neuroscience, Garrett Stanley, Yang Dang and Fei Li, from the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, have been able to "reconstruct natural scenes with recognizable moving objects". The researchers attached electrodes to 177 cells in the so-called thalamus region of the cat's brain and monitored their activity.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/19/18/8036" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="14213"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/19/18/8036</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Reconstruction of Natural Scenes from Ensemble Responses in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Garrett B. Stanley, Fei F. Li, and Yang Dan , </span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Neurobiology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, The Journal of Neuroscience, September 15, 1999, 19 ( 18 ) :pp. 8036-8042</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">A major challenge in studying sensory processing is to understand the meaning of the neural messages encoded in the spiking activity of neurons. From the recorded responses in a sensory circuit, what information can we extract about the outside world? Here we used a linear decoding technique to reconstruct spatiotemporal visual inputs from ensemble responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the cat. From the activity of 177 cells, we have reconstructed natural scenes with recognizable moving objects. The quality of reconstruction depends on the number of cells. For each point in space, the quality of reconstruction begins to saturate at six to eight pairs of on and off cells, approaching the estimated coverage factor in the LGN of the cat. Thus, complex visual inputs can be reconstructed with a simple decoding algorithm, and these analyses provide a basis for understanding ensemble coding in the early visual pathway.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Seeing through sound: dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) perceive the spatial structure of objects through echolocation.</span><br />Herman LM, Pack AA, Hoffmann-Kuhnt M. J Comp Psychol. 1998 Sep;112(3):292-305.<br />Psychology Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA. lherman@hawaii.edu<br />Experiment 1 tested a dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) for cross-modal recognition of 25 unique pairings of 8 familiar, complexly shaped objects, using the senses of echolocation and vision. Cross-modal recognition was errorless or nearly so for 24 of the 25 pairings under both visual to echoic matching (V-E) and echoic to visual matching (E-V). First-trial recognition occurred for 20 pairings under V-E and for 24 under E-V. Echoic decision time under V-E averaged only 1.88 s. Experiment 2 tested 4 new pairs of objects for 24 trials of V-E and 24 trials of E-V without any prior exposure of these objects. Two pairs yielded performance significantly above chance in both V-E and E-V. Also, the dolphin matched correctly on 7 of 8 1st trials with these pairs. The results support a capacity for direct echoic perception of object shape by this species and demonstrate that prior object exposure is not required for spontaneous cross-modal recognition.<br />PMID: 9770316 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]<br /><br /><a class="postlink" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKPEK20484520070227" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="15551"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://uk.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUKPEK20484520070227</span></a><br /><a class="postlink" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/02/27/remote_controlled_pigeons/" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="15623"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.theregister.co.uk/2007/02/27/remote_controlled_pigeons/</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Chinese develop remote-controlled pigeons, A flying world first,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Lester Haines, The Register, Published Tuesday 27th February 2007 11:18 GMT</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Xinhua news agency explained today that boffins at the Robot Engineering Technology Research Center at Shandong University of Science and Technology were able to "command [the pigeons] to fly right or left or up or down. It elaborated: "The implants stimulate different areas of the pigeon's brain according to signals sent by the scientists via computer, and force the bird to comply with their commands."</span><br /><br /><a id="guep" title="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/City_Supplements/Bangalore_Times/Squirrel_spies_seized_/rssarticleshow/2205209.cms" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/City_Supplements/Bangalore_Times/" goog_docs_charindex="16252"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/City_Supplements/Bangalore_Times/</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Squirrel_spies_seized_/rssarticleshow/2205209.cms</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Squirrel 'spies' seized,</strong></span> <span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">The Times of India, 16 Jul 2007, 0000 hrs IST,</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">AGENCIES Police in Iran are reported to have taken 14 squirrels into custody - because they are suspected of spying. The rodents were found near the Iranian border allegedly equipped with eavesdropping devices, according to Sky News . Reports said that the squirrels were kitted out by foreign intelligence services - were weeks ago by police officers. But if true, this would not be the first time animals have been used to spy.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://stinet.dtic.mil/stinet/jsp/advanced-tr.jsp" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="16891"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://stinet.dtic.mil/stinet/jsp/advanced-tr.jsp</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"> (search: electronarcosis) </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Title: Shark Dart Electronic Circuit.</strong> </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">AD Number: AD0164212 Corporate Author: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON D C </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Personal Author: Blanc,Clarence G. </span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Report Date: December 14, 1971 Media: 4 Pages(s) </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">21 - JOURNAL ARTICLES ANNOUNCEMENT ONLY Report Classification: (Not Available). </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Source Code: 110050 From the collection: Technical Reports. </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><em>Abstract:</em> The present invention is directed to providing a circuit for inducing electronarcosis in a marine predator and includes a source of DC power connected to a switching inverter. An astable multivibrator, having a predetermined switching rate, sequentially completes the switching inverter circuit, via a switching transistor, serially-connected in the inverter's feedback loops, to provide a partial duty-cycle conserving battery power and prolonging the effective life of the shark dart. </span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"></span><br /><a href="http://www.spawar.navy.mil/sandiego/technology/mammals/" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="17874"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.spawar.navy.mil/sandiego/technology/mammals/</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>the Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP).</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Everyone is familiar with security patrol dogs. You may even know that because of their exceptionally keen sense of smell, dogs like beagles are also used to detect drugs and bombs, or land mines. But just as the dog's keen sense of smell makes it ideal for detecting land mines, the U.S. Navy has found that the biological sonar of dolphins, called echolocation, makes them uniquely effective at locating sea mines so they can be avoided or removed. Other marine mammals like the California sea lion also have demonstrated the ability to mark and retrieve objects for the Navy in the ocean. In fact, marine mammals are so important to the Navy that there is an entire program dedicated to studying, training, and deploying them. It is appropriately called the Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP).</span> </p><ul><li><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><em>Object Recovery System:</em> Initially called Quick Find, this system first demonstrated its capabilities when it recovered an ASROC (Anti Submarine Rocket) MK 17 from 180 feet of water in November of 1970. The MK 5 MMS became operational in 1975 and uses California sea lions to locate and attach recovery hardware to underwater objects such as practice mines. Some of these mines are equipped with a device called a pinger that sends out a beeping sound to help the sea lion locate them. For this, the sea lion may have to dive to depths of 500 feet or more. At the recovery site, the sea lion is sent over the side and given a bite plate to which an attachment device is mounted. The sea lion locates the object by using its exceptional hearing to locate the pinger attached to the shape. A strong line tied to the bite plate is payed out from the boat as the sea lion swims down to the object and attaches the device. To be sure the connection is good, the sea lion tests it by pulling back on it a few times. The sea lion then releases the bite plate and returns to the boat for a well-deserved reward of fish while a crane is used to pull the object off the bottom.</span> </li><li><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><em>Force Protection:</em> Dolphins and sea lions cannot be outmatched as sentries in the water. In the MK 6 MMS, dolphins and sea lions effectively protect piers, ships, harbors, and anchorages against unauthorized swimmers, SCUBA divers, closed-circuit divers, and swimmer delivery vehicles. MK 6 MMS was first operationally deployed with dolphins during the Vietnam War from 1971 to 1972 and Bahrain from 1986 to 1987. MK 6 has now been expanded to include specially trained sea lions to locate water-borne intruders and suspicious objects near piers and ships that pose a possible threat to military forces in the area. They have been shown to be effective under and around ships, piers, and in open water. The sea lions were deployed to Bahrain as part of the effort to support missions under Operation Enduring Freedom.</span> </li><li><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><em>Bioacoustics:</em> Dolphins have highly sophisticated, natural sonar (biosonar) that allows them to detect objects in the most complex of acoustic environments. By emitting broadband high frequency clicks and listening to the echoes of the clicks as they bounce off objects, dolphins can acoustically "see" their aquatic environment in amazing detail. The dolphin's biosonar system has yet to be matched by any manufactured device. After decades of conducting research into the dolphin's biosonar capabilities (research that has literally defined what we do know about dolphin biosonar), the NMMP's Biosonar Program has constructed the world's first biomimetic (think bio mimic) sonar to try to emulate dolphin sonar and incorporate search strategies that are specifically effective in the noisy near shore environment.Hearing: The potential effects of anthropogenic (human-generated) sound on marine mammals have gained the attention of lawmakers, the military, and conservation groups. How much noise is too much? The NMMP's scientists and animals are helping to answer that question by defining acoustic safety criteria: first, to ensure the safety of Navy animals and second, to provide scientific data that can be applied to marine mammals in the wild. </span></li></ul><p><a href="http://spawar.navy.mil/sti/publications/pubs/td/627/revd/ch2neural.html" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="22035"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://spawar.navy.mil/sti/publications/pubs/td/627/revd/ch2neural.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">SSC San Diego TD 627 Revision D, Annotated Bibliography of Publications from the U.S. Navy's Marine Mammal Program, May 1998, </span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>2. NEURAL NETWORKS</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><em>Example:</em> A biomimetic neural network was used to model a bottlenose dolphin's ability to recognize aspect-dependent targets. Researchers used echo trains recorded during the dolphin trials to train an Integrator Gateway Network (IGN) to discriminate among the targets using echo spectra. The dolphin and the IGN learned to recognize geometric targets, even though orientation could vary. Results support the notion that ensonified underwater objects with complex shapes and echoes may be reliably classified using neural network architectures that are motivated through understanding of dolphin echolocation signals and performance. </span><br /><br /><a href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel2/924/7708/00323032.pdf" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="22912"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel2/924/7708/00323032.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Using a biomimetric neural net to model dolphin echolocation,</strong> </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Helweg, D.A.; Roitblat, H.L.; Nachtigall, P.E., 1993. Proceedings., </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">First New Zealand International Two-Stream Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Expert Systems, Volume , Issue , 24-26 Nov 1993 Page(s):247 - 251, DOI=10.1109/ANNES.1993.323032</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><em>Summary:</em> A biomimetic neural network was used to model the ability of a bottle nosed dolphin to recognize aspect-dependent geometric objects. Each echo train was recorded and an Integrator Gateway Network (IGN) was trained to discriminate among the objects using spectra of the object echoes. The IGN classifies objects using an average-like sum of the spectra from successive echoes. However, combining echoes may reduce classification accuracy if the spectra vary from echo to echo. The dolphin and the IGN learned to recognize the geometric objects, even though orientation was free to vary. The process of recognition using cumulated echoes was robust with respect to nonstationary raw input. The results were interpreted as evidence for the formation of aspect-independent representations of the objects</span><br /><br /><a href="http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=21475" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="24151"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=21475</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>US 'funding stealth shark project',</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">ARCHIVE SCIENCETECHNO, UPDATED ON: TUESDAY, MARCH 14, 2006 5:00 MECCA TIME, 2:00 GMT</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">The US Defence Department is funding research into neural implants with the ultimate hope of turning sharks into "stealth spies" capable of gliding undetected through the ocean, the British weekly New Scientist says. "The Pentagon hopes to exploit sharks' natural ability to glide quietly through the water, sense delicate electrical gradients and follow chemical trails," says the report, carried in next Saturday's New Scientist.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://technology.newscientist.com/article/mg18925416.300.html" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="24784"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://technology.newscientist.com/article/mg18925416.300.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Stealth sharks to patrol the high seas</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Susan Brown, From New Scientist Print Edition, 01 March 2006,</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">The Pentagon hopes to exploit sharks' natural ability to glide quietly through the water, sense delicate electrical gradients and follow chemical trails. By remotely guiding the sharks' movements, they hope to transform the animals into stealth spies, perhaps capable of following vessels without being spotted. The project, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), based in Arlington, Virginia, was presented at the Ocean Sciences Meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, last week.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="25458"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Military Plans Cyborg Sharks,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Bill Christensen, posted: 07 March 2006 06:34 am ET</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Given that sharks have senses that humans don't have (like the ability to sense electromagnetic fields), it could open up some interesting uses. The implant consists of multi-channel neural ensemble readers and stimulators, diverse controllers and sensors. In addition, the DARPA researchers want to use their setup to detect and decipher the neural patterns that correspond to shark activities like sensing an ocean current, a particular scent in the water or an electrical field. If they can succeed in these experiments, it might be possible to control a free-swimming shark; it could be trained to track enemy ships or submarines, or to detect underwater mines or cables.</span><br /><br /><a id="wg0c" title="http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?language=English&verbose=0& listenv=table&application=os06&convert=&converthl=&refinequery=& formintern=&formextern=&transquery=shark&_lines=&multiple=0& descriptor=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/os06/os065012940Autonomous SharkTag with Neural Reading and Stimulation Capability for Open-ocean ExperimentsHTMLlocalhost:0/data/epubs/wais/indexes/os06/os0610288619 10291559/data2/epubs/wais/data/os06/os06.txt" href="http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?language=English&verbose=0&listenv=table&application=os06&convert=&converthl=&refinequery=&" goog_docs_charindex="26294" formintern="'&formextern=" multiple="0&descriptor=" transquery="shark&_lines="><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?language=English&verbose=0&listenv=table&application=os06&convert=&converthl=&refinequery=& formintern=&</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">formextern=&transquery=shark&_lines=&multiple=0&descriptor=/data/epubs/wais/indexes</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">/os06/os065012940Autonomous SharkTag with Neural Reading and Stimulation Capability </span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">for Open-ocean ExperimentsHTMLlocalhost:0/data/epubs/wais/indexes/os06/os0610288619 10291559/data2/epubs/wais/data/os06/os06.txt</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">1630h, AN: OS45Q-05</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Autonomous Shark Tag with Neural Reading and Stimulation Capability for Open-ocean Experiments.,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by W.J. Gomes IIIth. D. Perez Jr. & J.A. Catipovic, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 1176 Howell Street, Newport, RI 02841 United States</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">NUWC is developing a fish tag whose goal is attaining behavior control of host animals via neural implants. The tag is intended for long-term open ocean field efforts investigating viability of animal behavior control and its utility for networked sensing and data acquisition. The tag is centered on a multi-channel neural ensemble reader, a processor to interpret the readings in real-time, and a multi-channel stimulator, intended for both micro and macro stimulation. Additional capabilities include an undersea navigation/tracking system, acoustic and RF communication capabilities, a sensitive multi-channel Electric field measurement sensor, and a range of environmental sensors, including ph, heading and motion sensors, temperature, pressure and chemical injection micro-pumps. The design is field-reconfigurable, modular, and allows multiple sensor and controller variants to be easily configured. Ongoing work on energy harvesting methods to power the tag will be discussed.</span><br /><br /><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/e6j26850210972x3/fulltext.pdf" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="28004"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.springerlink.com/content/e6j26850210972x3/fulltext.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><strong>Through a barn owl’s eyes: interactions between scene content and visual attention.,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by Shay Ohayon Wolf Harmening Hermann Wagner Ehud Rivlin Received: 31 August 2007 / Accepted: 22 October 2007 / Published online: 8 December 2007© Springer-Verlag 2007</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><em>Abstract:</em> In this study we investigated visual attention properties of freely behaving barn owls, using a miniature wireless camera attached to their heads. The tubular eye structure of barn owls makes them ideal subjects for this research since it limits their eyemovements. Recording in various types of environments revealed significant statistical differences of low level image properties at the image fixation area compared to values extracted at random image patches. These differences are in agreement with results obtained in primates in similar studies. To investigate the role of saliency and its contribution to drawing the owl’s attention, we used a popular bottom-up computational model. Saliency values at the image fixation area were typically greater than at random patches, yet were only 20% out of the maximal saliency value, suggesting a top-down modulation of gaze control. </span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-57242317379265225472008-03-18T19:00:00.000+01:002008-03-18T19:08:17.344+01:00Neural Enhanced Insects as a Sensor Platform:<a href="http://www.intercorr.com/roach.htm" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="5786"><span style="font-size:85%;">www.intercorr.com/roach.htm</span></a><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>Insects can do many things that people can't,</strong><br />by Eric Talmadoe AP, date google cached: 4 Jan 2008.<br />"Insects can do many things that people can't", said Assistant Professor Isao Shimoyama, head of the bio-robot research team at Tokyo University. "The potential applications of this work for mankind could be immense." Within a few years, Shimoyama says, electronically controlled insects carrying mini-cameras or other sensory devices could be used for a variety of sensitive missions - like crawling through earthquake rubble to search for victims, or slipping under doors on espionage surveillance.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.darpa.mil/body/news/2002/darpa_fact.html" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="6428"><span style="font-size:85%;">http://www.darpa.mil/body/news/2002/darpa_fact.html</span></a><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>DARPA FACT FILE, A Compendium of DARPA Programs,</strong> April 2002, Brain Machine Interface pp.43, The Controlled Biological and Biomimetic Systems program leverages the extraordinary capabilities of biological systems for military and dual-use applications. One program thrust is to actively collect information from insect populations to map areas for biohazards, such as industrial chemicals and biowarfare threats. Field trials are planned to lure and trap insects for identification of environmental pathogens. Tests have shown that insects will collect airborne bacterial spores on their bodies during flight. Honeybee demonstrations are planned to map for explosives at Defense installations scheduled for transfer to non-Federal entities.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20050409/fob4ref.asp" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="7233"><span style="font-size:85%;">http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20050409/fob4ref.asp</span></a><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>Remote Control Minds: Light flashes direct fruit fly behavior,</strong><br />by Christen Brownlee, Science News, Vol. 167, No. 15, April 9, 2005, p. 228.<br />Researchers have exerted a little mind control over fruit flies by designing and installing genetic 'remote controls' within the insects' brains. Remote control of behavior through genetically targeted photostimulation of neurons.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.darpa.mil/mto/solicitations/baa06-22/pdf/lal_proposerday.pdf" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="7674"><span style="font-size:85%;">http://www.darpa.mil/mto/solicitations/baa06-22/pdf/lal_proposerday.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>Hybrid Insect MEMS Proposer’s Day,</strong><br />Amit Lal, Program Manager, DARPAMTO, CSAC, MX, HERMIT, NGIMG, March 24, 2006, HIMEMS Proposers Day, March 24, 2006, Amit Lal, DARPAMTO.VISION: Create technology to reliably integrate microsystems payloads on insects to enable insect cyborgs<br />OBJECTIVES: Develop technology to enable highly coupled electro mechanical interfaces to insect anatomy and Demonstrate MEMS platforms for electronic locomotion control, power harvesting from insect, and eliminate extraneous biological functions. Harvard Entomologist: Carroll Williams "DARPA Program : Use object insertion ability into pupas to reliably insert microsystems (instead of glass tube) for insect control"<br /></span><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Long distance missions: Monarchs can travel for 3000 miles without feeding for 75 days</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Fast missions: Dragonflies can travel at 45 mph for 23 hours</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Huge payloads: Thysania Agrippina Wingspan 25cm Larval hostplants = Fabaceae, Legumes Brazil</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Airborne missions: Cocytius duponchel Wingspan 11 - 15cm, Has been collected at 11,000 feet in La Paz, Bolivia</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Communications: Lowpower RF and sonic microsystems</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Sensing: Low power CMOS gas sensors, imagers, acoustic signatures, radiation sensors</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Navigation: Low power inertial sensors, low power GPS</span></li><li><span style="font-size:85%;">Power generation: Vibration power scavenging, (Micro) batteries, Thermoelectrics </span></li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-34107133351569540102008-03-18T18:48:00.000+01:002008-03-18T19:17:03.852+01:00Mind Control in Animals<span style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong>A short History of Animal Brain Telemetry: (Brain remote control)</strong></span> </span></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><strong><span style="font-size:85%;">A multi-channel telemetry system for brain microstimulation in freely roaming animals,</span></strong><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">by Shaohua Xu, Sanjiv K. Talwar, Emerson S. Hawley, Lei Li and John K. Chapin, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 29 may 2003.<br /><br /></span></span><a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1188390&blobtype=pdf" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="1337"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1188390&blobtype=pdf</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>A brief history of brain stimulation. In: Principles of brain stimulation.,</strong><br />by JS Yeomans, Oxford University Press: New York; 1990. pp. 3–19.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1137218" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="1569"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1137218</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>Two-way transdermal communication with the brain.,</strong><br />by Delgado JMR, Lipponen V, Weiss G, del Pozo F, Monteagudo JL, McMahon R.,<br />Am Psychol 1975;30: pp. 265–73.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://stinet.dtic.mil/stinet/jsp/advanced-tr.jsp" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="1787"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://stinet.dtic.mil/stinet/jsp/advanced-tr.jsp</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"> (search: electronarcosis)<br /><strong>Title: Shark Dart Electronic Circuit.</strong><br />AD Number: AD0164212 Corporate Author: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON D C </span><br /></span><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Personal Author: Blanc,Clarence G. Report Date: December 14, 1971 Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Source Code: 110050 From the collection: Technical Reports.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/teopsi/Bibliography.html" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="2184"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/teopsi/Bibliography.html</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"> (no.:112)<br /><strong>Biologicheskaya Radiosvyas (Biological Radio),</strong><br />by Bernard Bernardovich Kazhinsky, </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Ukranian Academy of Sciences, Kivz, 1962 [in Russian]<br /><br /></span><a href="http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0415676"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0415676</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>BIOLOGICAL RADIO COMMUNICATIONS,</strong><br />Corporate Author : FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO, </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Personal Author(s) : Kazhinskiy,B.B., Report Date : 31 FEB 1963, Accession Number : AD0415676, Pagination or Media Count : 171</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><em>Abstract:</em> Contents: A CLEAR CASE OF BIOLOGICAL RADIO COMMUNICATION: </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Searching for Analogies; The Nervous System and Radio Engineering; </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">The First Sallies Into the Open; </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Laboratory Experiment. ONG THE QUADRUPED AND FEATHERED FRIENDS OF V. L. DUROV: The Dog Mars Puts the Skeptics to Shame; </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">I Play the Part of a Test Subject; The Faraday Cage; The Two-Number Riddle; </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Decisive Experiments of Soviet Scientists; Radio Communication Among insects. </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">RAYS OF VISION: Electricity Everywhere; The Yogis Have Known It for a Long Time; </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">A Word About Emotions. </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">THE EAR: AN ANALYZER OF BIO-ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES OF ACOUSTICAL FREQUENCY: </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Two-Way Communication circuits in the Nerves; Pain at a Distance. </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">HOW MATTER (BRAIN) THINKS: Memory, A Kind of Hysteresis; Neurons and a Telegraph Cable; </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">Reflex Arches; Memory Storage. K. E. TSIOLKOVSKIY ON TELEPATHY: Professor Ivantsov's Doubts; My Rebuttal; But I Am Not Alone; A. V. Leontovich's Work Supports the Theory of Biological Radio Communication; Our Ranks Are Steadily Growing. THE FRIENDS AND ENEMIES ABROAD: Interesting Observations in Canada; Thousands of Kilometers Away; Some Results and Prospects. (Author)<br />Descriptors : *BIONICS, COMMUNICATION AND RADIO SYSTEMS, PARAPSYCHOLOGY, </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">INFORMATION THEORY, BRAIN, NERVOUS SYSTEM, BIBLIOGRAPHIES.<br /><br /><strong>Remote brain stimulation and relationships between parameters of stimulation and learning.,</strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">by JA. Gengerelli, In: Sheer DE, editor. Electrical stimulation of the brain. </span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">University of Texas Press: Austin; 1961. pp. 155–64.<br /><br /><strong>Apparatus for chronic stimulation of the brain of the rat by radiofrequency transmission.,</strong><br />by Greer MA, Riggle GC., Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1957;9: pp. 151–5.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ecs/articles/s00466/frame.html" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="4428"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ecs/articles/s00466/frame.html</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>Positive reinfrocement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain.,</strong><br />by Olds J, Milner PM., J Comp Physiol Psychol 1954;47: pp. 419–27.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=17816859" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="4679"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=17816859</span></a><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/110/2849/140" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="4747"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/110/2849/140</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>A technique for chronic remote nerve stimulation.,</strong><br />by Lafferty JM, Farrell JJ., Science 5 aug. 1949;110: pp. 140–141</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">DOI: 10.1126/science.110.2849.140.<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/79/2048/299" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="4963"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/79/2048/299</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>Electrical excitation of the nervous system—introducing a new principle: remote control.,</strong><br />by Light RU, Chaffee EL., Science 30 mar. 1934;79: pp. 299–300.</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">DOI: 10.1126/science.79.2048.299<br /><br /></span><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/l230867105183973/fulltext.pdf" target="_blank" goog_docs_charindex="5213"><span style="font-family:verdana;font-size:85%;">http://www.springerlink.com/content/l230867105183973/fulltext.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /><strong>Lapicque’s 1907 paper: from frogs to integrate-and-fire,</strong><br />by N Brunel M.C.W. van Rossum, Biological Cybernetics 4 Oct. 2007, </span></span><span style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;">DOI 10.1007/s00422-007-0190-0 <em>Abstract:</em> Exactly 100 years ago, Louis Lapicque published a paper on the excitability of nerves that is often cited in the context of integrate-and-fire neurons. We discuss Lapicque’s contributions along with a translation of the original publication.<br /><br /><br /></span></span><span style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></span><span style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></span><span style="font-family:georgia;"></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-52713824806536860182008-02-24T19:38:00.000+01:002008-02-24T19:40:52.473+01:00Understanding Politics:<span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: verdana;">The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence.,</span></span><br /><p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">by Victor Marchetti & John D. Marks, New York: Dell Publishing, 1975.<br />This is one of perhaps ten books from prior to 1985 that I decided to include because of their continuing value. <u>I believe that both history and historians will credit these two individuals with having made a difference by articulating so ably both the clandestine mentality and </u><b><u>the problems extant in the lack of oversight regarding proprietary organizations, propaganda and disinformation, and intrusive not-so-clandestine operations.</u></b><u> </u> Victor Marchetti spent 14 years in the CIA, where he became an executive assistant to the deputy director, and John Marks spent five years in the State Department, where he worked as an analyst and as staff assistant to the intelligence director. Currently Marchetti lives in Vienna, Virginia while Marks lives in Washington, D.C.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe.,</b><br />by Daniele Ganser, publ. Routledge 2005<br />The CIA and the British secret service MI6, in collaboration with the military alliance NATO and European military secret services set up a network of clandestine anticommunist armies in Western Europe after World War II. The secret soldiers were trained on remote islands in the Mediterranean and in unorthodox warfare centers in England and in the United States by the Green Berets and SAS Special Forces. The network was armed with explosives, machine guns and high-tech communication equipment hidden in underground bunkers and secret arms caches in forests and mountain meadows. <u>In some countries, the secret army linked up with right-wing terrorists who in a secret war engaged in political manipulation, harassment of left wing parties, massacres, coup d'etats and torture</u>. Codenamed "Gladio" ('the sword'), the Italian secret army was exposed in 1990 by Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti to the Italian Senate, whereupon the press spoke of the "the best kept, and most damaging, political-military secret since World War II" (<i>Observer</i>, 18. November 1990) and observed that "The story seems straight from the pages of a political thriller." (<i>The Times</i>, November 19, 1990). Ever since, so-called 'stay-behind' armies of NATO have also been discovered in France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Greece and Turkey. They were internationally coordinated by the Pentagon and NATO and had their last known meeting in the NATO-linked Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) in Brussels in October 1990.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism.,</b> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">by Naomi Klein, </span><a href="http://www.naomiklein.org/main"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.naomiklein.org/main</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Publ. Metropolitan Books Sept. 18, 2007, ISBN-10: 0805079831<br />Naomi Klein's The Shock Doctrine advances a truly unnerving argument: <u>historically, while people were reeling from natural disasters, wars and economic upheavals, savvy politicians and industry leaders nefariously implemented policies that would never have passed during less muddled times.</u> As Klein demonstrates, this reprehensible game of bait-and-switch isn't just some relic from the bad old days. It's alive and well in contemporary society, and coming soon to a disaster area near you.</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-39900968151276929612008-02-24T19:36:00.001+01:002008-02-24T19:38:16.774+01:00Mind Control Issues around Non Lethal Weapons Development:<p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">Old attempt to ban space weapons 200X ?<br />Russia, China propose new treaty to ban space weapons</span><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /><br /><b>Non Lethal Weapons in WHO Publications:<br /><br /></b></span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs205/en/">http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs205/en/</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Electromagnetic fields and public health: extremely low frequency (ELF).</b>, Fact sheet N°205, November 1998</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/facts/fs226/en/index.html">http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/facts/fs226/en/index.html</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;">Electromagnetic fields (EMF)., Fact sheet N°226, June 1999<br /><b>Electromagnetic fields and public health: radars and human health</b></span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs263/en/">http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs263/en/</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Electromagnetic fields and public health: extremely low frequency fields and cancer.,</b> Fact sheet N°263, October 2001</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs296/en/index.html">http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs296/en/index.html</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;">Electromagnetic fields and public health., Fact sheet N°296, December 2005<br /><b>Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity.</b><br />For some time a number of individuals have reported a variety of health problems that they relate to exposure to EMF. While some individuals report mild symptoms and react by avoiding the fields as best they can, others are so severely affected that they cease work and change their entire lifestyle. This reputed sensitivity to EMF has been generally termed “electromagnetic hypersensitivity” or EHS. This fact sheet describes what is known about the condition and provides information for helping people with such symptoms. Information provided is based on a WHO Workshop on Electrical Hypersensitivity (Prague, Czech Republic, 2004), an international conference on EMF and non-specific health symptoms (COST244bis, 1998), a European Commission report (Bergqvist and Vogel, 1997) and recent reviews of the literature.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs299/en/index.html">http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs299/en/index.html</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Electromagnetic fields and public health.,</b> Fact sheet N°299, March 2006</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/understand/information_sheets/mobile_telephony/mobile_phones.htm">http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/understand/information_sheets/mobile_telephony/mobile_phones.htm</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Mobile Telephony and Health; Exposures from Mobile Phones</b><br /><br /></span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">Channel 4 programme: <b>"The Torture Trail"</b></span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/oj/547/547296/547296en.pdf">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/oj/547/547296/547296en.pdf</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>EU Pétition n° 1168/2003,</b><br />Presented Tuesday November 23th,by Nathalie Luthold (French), on behalf of the Association opposing abuse of psycho-technologies, bearing 115 signatures opposing the abuse of directed energy weapons.<br />présentée par Mme Nathalie Luthold, de nationalité française, au nom du Collectif contre les abus aux psycho-technologies, accompagnée de 115 signatures, contre les dérives des armes à énergie dirigée. Parlement Européen 2004 2009 21 oktober 2004 Commission des petitions. PE 349.032<br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/cm/544/544077/544077es.pdf">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/cm/544/544077/544077es.pdf</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;">FdR 544077</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://members.aol.com/ccapt2001/Commission_reply_en.pdf">http://members.aol.com/ccapt2001/Commission_reply_en.pdf</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Answer to Mms Luthold's Petition: PE ◄349.032►◄CM\544077EN.doc►</b><br />Committee on Petitions,21 October 2004,<br />3. Commission reply, received on 19 October 2004<br />1. The development and use of technologies and weapons are subject to regulation by each EU Member State in accordance with its national laws and relevant obligations under International Law. "With respect to the human rights implications of the use of these technologies, it should be noted that torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment is prohibited without exception under several international instruments, including the UN Convention Against Torture."<br />6. Export controls will not, however, protect persons within the EU. The necessary safeguards for protection of citizens within the EU (e.g. production ban, ban on research or financing of research, prohibition on use of new weapons by police and law enforcement authorities, technical standards (maximum output or similar), ban on sales to minors or to all, licensing requirement for buyers etc) would be featured in replies from other DGs.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.ilef.org/">http://www.ilef.org/</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Institute for Non-Lethal Defense Technologies, </b><br />Applied Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University<br />VISION: To provide expert technical and policy support for developing capabilities of the international law enforcement community in relation to minimal force options and less-lethal concepts, in order to enhance their collective ability to resolve potentially violent encounters; increase public and officer safety; and to establish, maintain, and improve public order while safeguarding civil liberties.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=10109489">http://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=10109489</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Interim report of the Advisory Committee on human radiation experiments.,</b> 21 Oct. 1994, pp.118.<br />Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Washington, DC (United States), USDOE, Washington, DC (United States)<br />Subject 63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGS. AND BIOL. MAT.; 61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY; HUMAN POPULATIONS; RESEARCH PROGRAMS; RADIATION DOSES; RADIATION HAZARDS; HISTORICAL ASPECTS; RADIATION PROTECTION; RECOMMENDATIONS; SAFETY STANDARDS; ETHICAL ASPECTS; BIOLOGICAL RADIATION EFFECTS<br /><u>Description/Abstract:</u> The Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments was created by President Clinton to advise the Human Radiation Interagency Working Group on the ethical and scientific criteria applicable to human radiation experiments carried out or sponsored by the U.S. Government. The Committee seeks to answer several fundamental question: What ethics criteria should be used to evaluate human radiation experiments? What was the Federal Government`s role in human radiation experiments? What are the criteria for determining appropriate Federal responses where wrongs or harms have occurred? What lessons learned from studying past and present research standards and practices should be applied to the future? The focus of the work, however, will be developing criteria for judging historical and contemporary experiments, policies, and procedures, as well as criteria for remedies that may be appropriate where harms or wrongs have ocurred. Based on findings, the Committee will make specific recommendations regarding policies for the future.<br />OSTI ID: 10109489; Legacy ID: DE95003265; Rep. No. ACHRE--95003265; DOI 10.2172/10109489<br />ON: DE95003265; NC: NONE; TRN: TRN: 95:001204</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.bradford.ac.uk/acad/nlw/">http://www.bradford.ac.uk/acad/nlw/</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project<br /></b>OCCASIONAL PAPER No. 3: <u>The Contemporary Development of "Non-Lethal" Weapons</u> [PDF], Neil Davison, May 2007.<br />OCCASIONAL PAPER No. 2: <u>The Development of "Non-Lethal" Weapons During the 1990’s</u> [PDF], Neil Davison, March 2007.<br />OCCASIONAL PAPER No. 1: <u>The Early History of "Non-Lethal" Weapons</u> [PDF], Neil Davison, December 2006.<br />RESEARCH REPORT: <u>BNLWRP Research Report No. 8</u> [PDF], Neil Davison and Nick Lewer, March 2006.<br />OPINION: <u>Electrical stun weapons: alternative to lethal force or a compliance tool?</u> [PDF], Nick Lewer and Neil Davison, January 2006., Argument against the expansion of Taser deployment in the UK.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://www.non-lethal-weapons.com/">http://www.non-lethal-weapons.com/</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>European Working Group Non-Lethal Weapons</b><br />5th European Symposium on Non-lethal Weapons, May 11-13, 2009, Venue: Stadthalle Ettlingen, Germany.<br /><br /></span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Electro Magnetic Pollution: A Little Known Health Hazard: A New Means of Control?"</b> Preliminary Report Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, Besly, Kimm (1984) Inlands House, Southbourned, Ensworthy, Hants, England PO10 8JH.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>THE NETHERLANDS NON-LETHAL WEAPONS PROGRAMME<br /></b>Zier C. Verheij (programme manager)<br />TNO Defence, Security and Safety, Lange Kleiweg 137, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands<br /><u>Introduction:</u> Since the start of the new co-called programme approach in The Netherlands at the end of 1999 the TNO Defence research is conducted in research programmes. One of the main arguments for this programme steering was that the then large number of small projects should be limited to a smaller number of larger programmes. Besides the expected larger synergy at least a reasonable reduction of the administrative load could be reached. The required synergy can best be expressed by the statement that the final result of a programme should be more than the sum of the results of the individual projects. The Netherlands NLW research programme is the first officially signed programme under the new approach. The formal signing of the programme contract took place at 8 November 1999. The programme would run until the end of 2003 and got a budget of slightly more than 5.0 Million Dutch Guilders (about 2.4 Million Euros). At the start of the programme a number of already running projects on e.g. <b>High Power Micro Waves and Psychological Operations were brought under the umbrella of the programme</b>. Besides that a large number of projects were conducted in order to answer the questions described in the programme contract.<br /></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-73671985077633921122008-02-24T19:35:00.000+01:002008-02-24T19:36:24.987+01:00Mind Control in Human Rights Watch Publications:<span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:78%;" > </span><span style="font-size:78%;"><a style="font-family: verdana;" href="http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/11/09/china1959_txt.htm">http://hrw.org/english/docs/1999/11/09/china1959_txt.htm</a><br /> </span> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>China Uses "Rule of Law" to Justify Falun Gong Crackdown<br /></b>On October 27, Xinhua, the official news agency, using the definition in the October 9 interpretations, published evidence "proving" that Falun Gong was indeed a "true cult." It cited the group's tight hierarchial structure, the doomsday theory promulgated by its leader, <u>the <b>systematic mind control</b> it said Falun Gong members were subject to</u>, and the physical and psychological suffering it claimed was induced in many followers.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><a href="http://hrw.org/reports/2002/china02/china0802.pdf">http://hrw.org/reports/2002/china02/china0802.pdf</a><br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>The Soviet Case: Prelude to a Global Consensus on Psychiatry and Human Rights<br /></b>When in 1971 the Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky sent his first documentation of several prominent Soviet psychiatric-abuse cases to the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), the Soviet delegation threatened to withdraw from the international body, and the notion that this would hurt the WPA instead of the Soviets themselves was so strong that the issue was shelved. (Compiler note: what a surprising stance in the Cold War Era) Bukovsky was subsequently sentenced to twelve years’ imprisonment, but a <b>Pandora’s box</b> had now been opened, and in the next twenty years the attitude of world psychiatry towards the problem of <i>political psychiatric abuse</i> would change almost <u>180 degrees</u>. Professional bodies such as the WPA, which had initially strongly resisted getting involved in the issue, would be triggered into adopting firm, clear ethical codes and setting up investigative bodies that would ensure that these new codes of conduct would be adhered to and any violators sanctioned.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-34386452467858797052008-02-24T19:34:00.000+01:002008-02-24T19:35:04.159+01:00Mind Control in Amnesty International Publications:<span style="font-size:78%;"> </span><a href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/f4e835f4-a450-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/amr510472004en.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/f4e835f4-a450-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/amr510472004en.html</span></a><br /><p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Another Texas injustice: The case of Kelsey Patterson, mentally ill man facing execution. February 2004</b><br />There is no doubt that Kelsey Patterson shot Louis Oates and Dorothy Harris, and there would appear to be little doubt that mental illness lay behind this tragic crime. He made no attempt to avoid arrest – after shooting the victims, he put down the gun, undressed and was pacing up and down the street in his socks, shouting incomprehensibly, when the police arrived.<br />In 2000, a federal magistrate judge wrote that <u>“Patterson had no motive for the killings – </u><b><u>he claims he commits acts involuntarily and outside forces control him through implants in his brain and body</u></b><u>. Patterson has consistently maintained he is a victim of an elaborate conspiracy, and his lawyers and his doctors are part of that conspiracy.</u> He refuses to cooperate with either; he has refused to be examined by mental health professionals since 1984, he refuses dental treatment, and he refuses to acknowledge that his lawyers represent him. Because of his lack of cooperation, it has been difficult for mental health professionals to determine with certainty whether he is exaggerating the extent of his delusions, or to determine whether he is incompetent or insane. All of the professionals who have tried to examine him agree that he is mentally ill. The most common diagnosis is paranoid schizophrenia.”(3) Nevertheless, the magistrate judge recommended that Kelsey Patterson’s death sentence stand. Two years later, Dr Grigson, dubbed “Dr Death” because of his unswervingly pro-prosecution testimony in capital cases, was expelled from the American Psychiatric Association, for his unethical, unscientific testimony in such cases.(13)<br />The crime against Louis Oates and Dorothy Harris was not the first time that Kelsey Patterson had shot people in apparently motiveless acts of violence. In 1980, he shot a fellow worker in a Dallas hospital where he worked. Three years later, he shot another co-worker, this time at a pizza restaurant in Palestine. In both cases, the victims survived. In each case, Kelsey Patterson was found incompetent to stand trial because of his mental illness. After he received treatment and was restored to competency, he was not prosecuted because he was considered to have been unable to conform his behaviour to the law, in other words that he was legally insane at the time of the offence under Texas law in force at the time. If Kelsey Patterson is put to death(2), it would not be the first time that the Texas system had, in effect, buried its own failure in its execution chamber.<br /><u>Larry Robison</u> (8), who was executed in January 2000, had suffered from paranoid schizophrenia long before committing the crime for which he was sentenced to die. His family had tried to obtain help for him, but were turned away because he had not yet turned violent. <u>James Colburn</u> (9) was also a diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic whose family had tried, unsuccessfully, to get appropriate health care before the murder for which he was sent to death row. He was executed on 26 March 2003. In another recent case, <u>Scott Panetti</u> (10) received a 60-day stay of execution shortly before he was scheduled to be executed in Texas on 5 February 2004. He had been hospitalized for mental illness many times before the crime. In a high-profile US case in 1982, <u>John Hinkley</u> was sent to mental hospital after being found not guilty by reason of insanity for his attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan. The case led to several states amending their laws to limit the insanity defence. They included Texas. Previously, to be found not guilty by reason of insanity in Texas, defendants had to show that because of mental disease or defect at the time of the crime, they were 1) unable to conform their behaviour to the law; or 2) did not know that their conduct was wrong. In other words, a defendant could be found insane if they had an understanding that their action was wrong, but were unable to control their behaviour in conformity with the law because of their mental illness.<br />(2) Kelsey Patterson will be 50 years old on 24 March 2004.<br />(3) Patterson v Johnson. Magistrate Judge’s proposed findings and recommended disposition. US District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, Sherman Division, 27 October 2000.<br />(8) Time for humanitarian intervention: The imminent execution of Larry Robison, AMR 51/107/99, July 1999. </span><a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR511071999"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR511071999</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">(9) James Colburn: mentally ill man scheduled for execution in Texas, AMR 51/158/2002, October 2002, </span><a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR511582002"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR511582002</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and Texas: In a world of its own as 300th execution looms, AMR 51/010/2003, January 2003 </span><a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510102003"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510102003</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">(10) “Where is the compassion?” The imminent execution of Scott Panetti, mentally ill offender, AMR 51/011/2004, January 2004. </span><a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510112004"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR510112004</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">(13) He was expelled “for arriving at a psychiatric diagnosis without first having examined the individuals in question, and for indicating, while testifying in court as an expert witness, he could predict with 100% certainty that the individuals would engage in future violent acts” In Texas, a death sentence can only be imposed if the jury concludes that the defendant would probably commit acts of criminal violence that would constitute a future threat to society, the so-called “future dangerousness” question. Texas prosecutors seeking death sentences have frequently called upon “expert” witnesses to persuade the jury of the future dangerousness of the defendant in question. The most notorious of these “experts” has been Dr Grigson, who has testified for the state in over 140 capital trials in Texas. He repeatedly told capital juries of his absolute certainty that the defendant would commit future acts of violence. In the vast majority of the cases, the jurors voted for death.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/b31c7309-a44f-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/amr510422004en.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/b31c7309-a44f-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/amr510422004en.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">PUBLIC AI Index: AMR 51/042/2004, 16 February 2004<br />UA 66/04 (AMR 51/031/2004- Death penalty / Legal concern, ,<br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>USA (North Carolina) George Franklin Page (m), white, aged 63,<br /></b>27 February 2004, George Page has received a stay of execution. He was due to be put to death in the early hours of 27 February for the murder of Police Officer Stephen Amos in 1995. <u>George Page’s lawyers had challenged the state’s lethal injection procedure, on the basis that he has severe vein problems which may require the execution team to perform “cut-down” surgery in order to locate a vein in which to insert the needle.</u> Following separate state-level litigation, a state judge also granted a stay of execution, on 25 February, <u>following revelations that the state psychiatrist who testified at George Page’s trial had overlooked evidence that he had brain damage.</u></span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/b0012f7a-a2da-11dc-8d74-6f45f39984e5/amr510872006en.pdf"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/b0012f7a-a2da-11dc-8d74-6f45f39984e5/amr510872006en.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">PUBLIC AI Index: AMR 51/087/2006, 01 June 2006<br />UA 155/06 Death penalty / Legal concern<br /><b>USA (Tennessee) Paul Dennis Reid (m), white, aged 48</b><br /><u>A clinical psychologist testified that Paul Reid suffered from serious mental illness, including chronic schizophrenia, and had brain damage.</u> <u>A clinical neuropsychologist explained that Reid had suffered a number of serious head injuries as a result of childhood abuse and accidents. A neurologist explained that brain scans had revealed several abnormalities in Reid’s brain, including evidence of traumatic injury. The defence experts related how Paul Reid had long suffered from delusional beliefs, </u><b><u>including that he was under government surveillance and control</u></b>. The state presented a forensic psychiatrist who testified that in his opinion Paul Reid was malingering, although he conceded that Reid had brain damage and a history of mental illness, including delusions. In an affidavit to the courts in support of her efforts to stop the execution, Paul Reid’s sister has said that her brother “is severely mentally ill. <u>He does not think or act in a rational manner. It seems that everything he does is guided by his belief in a government conspiracy against him to bombard him with ‘scientific technology’. When he has talked about giving up appeals and being executed, he talks about ending the torture of the scientific technology”. A neuropsychiatrist, for example, has stated that “Mr Reid’s delusion, </u><b><u>that he has been under the control of a government-directed surveillance and influence, impels, invades, and guides his daily activities as well as decision-making processes.</u></b><u> The lawyer who was assigned the case before Paul Reid dropped his appeals also signed an affidavit in May 2006 stating that Reid’s mental illness “substantially affects his capacity to make knowing, intelligent, and voluntary decisions about his legal situation. </u><b><u>I have known Paul Reid for over twenty months and during that entire time, his delusional beliefs have been persistent and have pervaded his thinking about all aspects of his life.</u></b><br />At least 119 of the 1,024 men and women executed in the USA since judicial killing resumed in 1977 went to their deaths after dropping their appeals. Many of these so-called “volunteers” had histories of mental illness. A condemned prisoner who drops his appeals has to be competent to do so, but the protections in such cases have proved minimal.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/19dae7b3-a3ef-11dc-9d08-f145a8145d2b/amr510182003en.pdf"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/19dae7b3-a3ef-11dc-9d08-f145a8145d2b/amr510182003en.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">PUBLIC AI Index: AMR 51/018/2003<br />EXTRA 10/03 Death penalty / Legal concern 10 February 2003<br /><b>USA (Federal) Louis Jones (m), black, aged 52</b><br />Former soldier Louis Jones is scheduled to be executed by the US Government on 18 March 2003 in the US Penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana. He was sentenced to death in October 1995 for the murder of a white woman, Tracie Joy McBride, eight months earlier. Louis Jones confessed to the crime, and took investigators to where Tracie McBride’s body was located. Since the crime had begun on a US military facility, it was prosecuted as a federal rather than a Texas case. At the sentencing phase of the trial, the federal prosecutor presented reasons for execution, while the defence presented evidence against a death sentence. This mitigating evidence included Louis Jones’s lack of criminal record, his remorse, the severe physical and sexual abuse he had suffered as a child, his achievements during his 22-year military career for which he was decorated, and various mental problems, including possible post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of his experiences in the US invasion of Grenada in 1983 and the 1990/91 Gulf War. <b><u>Following his return from the Gulf War, Louis Jones had displayed significant behavioural and personality changes.</u></b> Louis Jones’s clemency petition, which is seeking commutation of his death sentence to life imprisonment without parole, raises the claim that he suffers from “Gulf War Syndrome”. <u>A leading expert on this issue has submitted that Louis Jones sustained brain cell damage in deep brain structures as a result of exposure to chemicals and toxins during his military service in the Gulf War in 1990/91</u>.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.amnesty.org/ar/alfresco_asset/0232329b-a2d5-11dc-8d74-6f45f39984e5/amr510032006en.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.amnesty.org/ar/alfresco_asset/0232329b-a2d5-11dc-8d74-6f45f39984e5/amr510032006en.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, The execution of mentally ill offenders</b><br /><u>Overview</u>: A gap in the ‘evolving standards of decency’. The underlying rationale for prohibiting executions of the mentally retarded is just as compelling for prohibiting executions of the seriously mentally ill, namely evolving standards of decency. Indiana Supreme Court Justice, September 2002(3)</span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-89960404485887294272008-02-24T19:32:00.000+01:002008-02-24T19:33:52.901+01:00Mind Control in International Red Cross Publications:<a href="http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/review-859-p553"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/review-859-p553</span></a><br /><p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Neurobiology: A case study of the imminent militarization of biology.,</b><br />by Mark Wheelis and Malcolm Dando., 30-09-2005, International Review of the Red Cross No 859, p. 553-572.<br />The biological, medical (and legal) communities should face the near certainty that unless active steps are taken to prevent it, <u>biology will become the next major military technology, and that neuroscience — and by implication much of the rest of modern biology — will become highly vulnerable to use or abuse in entirely unintended, but clearly foreseeable, ways</u>.<br /><u>Abstract:</u> The revolution in biology, including advances in genomics, will lead to rapid progress in the treatment of mental illness by advancing the discovery of highly specific ligands that affect specific neurological pathways. <u>The status of brain science and its potential for military application to enhance soldier performance, to develop new weapons and to facilitate interrogation are discussed. If such applications are pursued, they will also expand the options available to torturers, dictators and terrorists</u>. Several generic approaches to containing the malign applications of biology are shown, and it is concluded that success or failure in doing so will be significantly dependent on the active involvement of the scientific and medical communities.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/review-859-p525/$File/irrc_859_Fidler.pdf"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/review-859-p525/$File/irrc_859_Fidler.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>The meaning of Moscow: “Non-lethal” weapons and international law in the early 21st century.,<br /></b>by David P. Fidler, International Review of the Red Cross Vol. 87 No. 859, 30 Sep. 2005 pp. 525-552.<br />This article analyses the relationship between “non-lethal” weapons and international law in the early 21st century by focusing on the most seminal incident to date in the short history of the “non-lethal” weapons debate, the use of an incapacitating chemical to end a terrorist attack on a Moscow theatre in October 2002.<br />The path less regulated: Other NLW technologies and international law, page 550,<br /><u>QUOTE:</u> [ Interestingly, some “non-lethal” weapon advocacy seeks to prevent further density from developing in international legal regulation of these technologies. In November 2004, NATO’s Research and Technology Organization (RTO) recommended that, <u>“in order to ensure that NATO forces retain the ability to accomplish missions, NATO nations must remain vigilant against the development of specific legal regimes which unnecessarily limit the ability to use NLW.”</u> (116) The RTO (109) demonstrated no overt hostility to international law’s role vis-à-vis NLWs, for it emphasized the duty of NATO countries to review the legality of new weapons and the need to determine whether IHL adequately addresses the use of “non-lethal” weapons.(117) <u>The desire to prevent further development of specific international legal regulation hints, however, at a concern that the debate on NLWs and international law has created momentum for, or at least serious interest in, international legal regulation of NLW technologies that threatens future military adoption and use of such technologies</u>. ]<br />David P. Fidler is Prof. of Law and Harry T. Ice Faculty Fellow, Indiana Univ. School of Law, Bloomington, USA.<br />(116) NATO Research and Technology Organization, op. cit. (note 109), p.iii.<br />(117) Ibid., pp. 4-5.<br />(109) NATO Research and Technology Organization,</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">Non-lethal weapons and future peace enforcement operations, TR-SAS-040, November 2004, p. 3-6</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/lse2003"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/lse2003</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">28-05-2003, <b>Coping with the Weapons of Tomorrow., Annual debate, jointly organized by the ICRC, the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) and the BBC World Service</b> - 8 May 2003<br />On May 8, the ICRC and the London School of Economics held their annual co-hosted debate. This year's theme: "Coping with the Weapons of Tomorrow", is very closely linked to the ICRC's "Biotechnology, Weapons and Humanity" intiative. A summary of the debates has been broadcast by the BBC's Radio Four "Agenda" programme. A first panel discussed "The Ethics of Weapon Design" with particular emphasis on so-called "non-lethal weapons". Panelists were:<br /></span></p> <ul style="font-family: verdana;"> <li><span style="font-size:78%;">Colonel (rtd) John B. Alexander, a former programme manager at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and a leading advocate on "non-lethal warfare", </span> </li><li><span style="font-size:78%;">Dr. Robin Coupland, adviser on armed violence and the effects of weapons for the ICRC. </span> </li><li><span style="font-size:78%;">Professor Malcom Dando, Professor of International Security at the University of Bradford; and </span> </li><li><span style="font-size:78%;">General (rtd) Sir Hugh Beach, former Master of the Ordnance, the British Army board for weapon procurement. </span></li> </ul> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">The second panel,"Stemming the flow", focussed on weapon distribution legislation. Panelists were:<br /></span></p> <ul style="font-family: verdana;"> <li><span style="font-size:78%;">Dr. Jozef Goldblat, former head of the Arms Control & Disarmament of the Stockholm International peace Research Institute, Peter Herby, coordinator of the Mines-Arms Unit in the Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross; and </span> </li><li><span style="font-size:78%;">Dr. Trevor Findlay, executive director of the Verification Research, Training and Information Centre (VERTIC) in London. </span></li> </ul> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">The overall host was Professor Conor Gearty, Director of the LSE's Centre for the Study of Human Rights. The chair was held by radio presenter Sheena McDonald.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-38676379613081261992008-02-24T19:28:00.000+01:002008-02-24T19:32:30.192+01:00Mind Control in United Nations Publications:<span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:78%;" ><a href="http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2215.pdf">http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2215.pdf<br /></a></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The malign misuse of neuroscience., </span><br />by Malcolm DANDO, UNIDIR (UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR DISARMAMENT RESEARCH)</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;font-size:78%;" ><br />Disarmament Forum one • 2005 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE CBW REGIMES</span> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p><a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/NSWCCL.Add.1.pdf"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:78%;">http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/NSWCCL.Add.1.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>NEW SOUTH WALES COUNCIL FOR CIVIL LIBERTIES</b><br />Addendum Shadow Report prepared for the United Nations Committee Against Torture on the occasion of its review of Australia's Third Periodic Report under the Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.<br />Australia: Shadow Report of the NSW Council for Civil Liberties (Addendum)<br />About the NSW Council for Civil Liberties: The New South Wales Council for Civil Liberties (`CCL') is committed to protecting and promoting civil liberties and human rights in Australia. CCL is an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, by resolution 2006/221 (21 July 2006). CCL was established in 1963 and is one of Australia's leading human rights and civil liberties organisations.<br />Abbreviations:<br />ASIO Australian Security Intelligence Organisation<br />CAT Convention Against Torture & other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<br />CCL NSW Council for Civil Liberties<br />HRMU High Risk Management Unit (at Goulburn Correctional Centre, NSW)<br />ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<br />MRRC Metropolitan Remand and Reception Centre (Silverwater, Sydney, NSW)<br />NSW New South Wales<br />2.1.5 placement of the mentally ill in the HRMU....................9<br /><u>1. Note on Addendum</u><br />A1. On 30 July 2007, the NSW Council for Civil Liberties (`CCL') submitted to the UN Committee against Torture a Shadow Report to Australia's Third periodic report (`the Third Report'). 1 The Shadow Report relates to Australia's compliance with its obligations under the Convention against Torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (`the Convention').<br />A2. This document is an addendum to that Shadow Report. It offers further material to support CCL's recommendation that:(2) …the State Party invite the Special Rapporteur on Torture to visit the `supermax' prison-within-a-prison (High Risk Management Unit) at the Goulburn Correctional Centre.<br />A3. This Addendum relates to the High Risk Management Unit (`HRMU') at the Goulburn Correctional Centre in New South Wales. More information about the HRMU, specifically the placement of terrorist suspects in the facility, is available in CCL's Shadow Report.(3)<br />A26. The case of Mr Scott Simpson illustrates the plight of the mentally ill in NSW prisons. Mr Simpson, a paranoid schizophrenic, was held on remand in the HRMU for almost 12 months. For a considerable amount of that time, Mr Simpson was held in segregation and denied association with other inmates.<br />A27. On 30 March 2002, Scott Simpson was refused bail and placed in a cell with Andrew Parfitt in the MRRC, a remand facility in Sydney. Within 15 minutes Mr Simpson had brutally attacked his cell mate, inflicting fatal injuries.(32) Two years later, Mr Simpson was found not guilty of Mr Parfitt's murder by reason of mental illness, based on psychiatric evidence that Mr Simpson suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and was suffering a psychotic episode when he attacked Mr Parfitt.(33) Within weeks of the verdict, Mr Simpson was found dead, having hanged himself, in a prison cell in Sydney's Long Bay Gaol. The corrective services officers who discovered Mr Simpson hanging from the bars of his cell did not immediately attend him or attempt to resuscitate him, because they feared for their own safety if Mr Simpson was feigning his hanging.(34)<br />A28. Throughout his remand and after, Mr Simpson was never transferred to the specialised `D Ward', the acute psychiatric wing in the prison hospital at Sydney's Long Bay Gaol. Instead, Mr Simpson was kept in Goulburn prison, where he was only given anti-psychotic medication and offered no therapeutic treatment.(35) The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission detailed Mr Simpson's treatment in this way:(36) In April 2002, Mr Simpson was transferred from the MRRC to the Goulburn correctional centre. He was initially housed in the Multi Purpose Unit (`MPU') at Goulburn where he was placed on consecutive segregation orders.<br />In April 2003, he was transferred to the High Risk Management Unit (`HRMU') where, for the most part, he remained on a segregation order. The HRMU houses inmates who require a higher level of security and management than can be provided by mainstream maximum security institutions. During the periods 17 June 2003 to 21 September 2003 and 11 October 2003 to 6 November 2003, Mr Simpson was allowed to associate with one other inmate. However, in the later of those two periods, the association took place through a secure barrier. The decision to terminate all associations in November 2003 was made for security reasons, as the Deputy Governor of the HRMU considered that Mr Simpson posed a risk to other inmates.<br />At the HRMU, Mr Simpson was allowed out of his cell into the `day yard' for 2.5 hours each day and on occasion from 9am to 2.30pm. Again, the `day yard' is an open air caged in area at the rear of the inmate's cell. It is a little larger than a cell, and contains only a<br />A29. From his HRMU prison cell, in April and May 2003, Mr Simpson wrote:(37) They took all my property. I'm in a cell with nothing. They are trying to blackmail me by saying, `see the sych and take the medication he wants you to take and we give you a radio and TV etc' ? I will talk to sychs just not jail sychs. <u>I will not take any medication as what I am experiencing is due to the fact certain Agencies mainly ASIO are TORCHERING me and all other Inmates with </u><b><u>"REMOTE MIND CONTROL"</u></b><u>. Everyone knows this is no secret. ?</u> I would rather be dead than get this torcher every day 24/7 non stop. The very fact I'm speaking about this shows how despret I am for this TORCHER to stop. <u>They can kill me with what I said by transmitting a compensating demodulated waveform from a remote location witch in tern effects the neurological (nervis system) and any region of the brain, thoughts and emotions with a single measurement. Better known as </u><b><u>"REMOTE MIND CONTROL"</u></b><u>.</u><br />A30. The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, as amicus curiae, submitted to the NSW Deputy Coroner that Mr Simpson's treatment amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment: (38) The Commission submits that Mr Simpson's detention in isolation from all other inmates, for almost two years, was not compatible with the standard of treatment required in respect of a seriously mentally ill person detained on remand, and later as a forensic patient. In all the circumstances, the Commission submits that Mr Simpson's protracted detention in isolation from all other inmates was inconsistent with the right to be treated with humanity and dignity within article 10 (1) and the prohibition on inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment within article 7 of the ICCPR.<br /><u>2.1.8 political interference</u><br />A47. Allegations of political interference in the running of the HRMU are often raised. CCL is concerned that this interference is illegitimate and that there is no remedy available to inmates who are adversely affected by it.<br /><u>3. Notes</u><br />(1) NSW Council for Civil Liberties, Shadow Report (prepared for the United Nations Committee Against Torture on the occasion of its review of Australia's Third Periodic Report under the Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment), 27 July 2007, <</span></span><a href="http://www.nswccl.org.au/docs/pdf/CAT%20shadow%20report.pdf"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:78%;">http://www.nswccl.org.au/docs/pdf/CAT%20shadow%20report.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:78%;">>.<br />(2) NSW Council for Civil Liberties, Shadow Report, n 1, [194].<br />(3) NSW Council for Civil Liberties, Shadow Report, n 1, [184]-[194].<br />(32) Inquest into the Death of Scott Ashley Simpson (17 July 2006) NSW Deputy State Coroner, <</span><a href="http://www.agd.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Coroners_Court/ll_coroners.nsf/vwFiles/SimpsonInquest.doc/$file/SimpsonInquest.doc%3E,1"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:78%;">http://www.agd.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Coroners_Court/ll_coroners.nsf/vwFiles/SimpsonInquest.doc/$file/SimpsonInquest.doc>,1</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:78%;">.<br />(33) Inquest into the Death of Scott Ashley Simpson, n 32, 1.<br />(34) Inquest into the Death of Scott Ashley Simpson, n 32, 17.<br />(35) Inquest into the Death of Scott Ashley Simpson, n 32, 10.<br />(36) Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Written Submissions to the NSW Coroner's Inquest into the Death of Scott Simpson (27 June 2006) <</span><a href="http://www.humanrights.gov.au/legal/submissions_court/intervention/simpson.html"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:78%;">http://www.humanrights.gov.au/legal/submissions_court/intervention/simpson.html</span></a><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:78%;">>, [4.9]-[4.10], [4.13].<br />(37) Neal Funnell, `Where the Norm is not the Norm: Goulburn Correctional Centre and the Harm-U', n 17.<br />(38) HREOC, n 36, [4.16].</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-91716309756881771832008-02-24T19:26:00.000+01:002008-02-24T19:28:08.820+01:00Ethical Conciderations:<a href="http://www.thelancet.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.thelancet.com</span></a><br /><p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Medical journals and human rights.,</b><br />by Peter Kandela, The Lancet - Vol. 352, October 1998, pp. S7-S11<br /><b>When doctors become agents of the state.,</b><br />by The Lancet, The Lancet - Vol. 355, Issue 9200, 22 January 2000, pp. 245<br /><b>Ireland: breakdown of trust between doctor and patient.,</b><br />by Denis A Cusack, The Lancet - Vol. 356, Issue 9239, 21 October 2000, pp. 1431-1432<br /><b>History of medical involvement in torture—then and now.,</b><br />by Giovanni Maio, The Lancet - Vol. 357, Issue 9268, 19 May 2001, pp. 1609-1611<br /><b>History of torture.,</b><br />by Michael Cherington, The Lancet - Vol. 358, Issue 9281, 18 August 2001, pp. 584<br /><b>Doctors and torture after Sept 11.,</b><br />by Georg Röggla, Hannelore Röggla, The Lancet - Vol. 359, Issue 9315, 20 April 2002, pp. 1440<br /><b>A stain on medical ethics.,</b><br />by Michael Wilks, The Lancet - Vol. 366, Issue 9484, 6 August 2005, pp. 429-431<br /><b>Biko to Guantanamo: 30 years of medical involvement in torture.,</b><br />by David J Nicholl, Trefor Jenkins, Steven H Miles, William Hopkins, Adnan Siddiqui, Frank Boulton, on behalf of 260 other signatories,<br />The Lancet - Vol. 370, Issue 9590, 8 September 2007, pp. 823</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><a href="http://books.google.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://books.google.com</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans.,</b><br />by Jonathan D. Moreno PhD, pub. 2001, Routledge, pp.371 ISBN 0415928354<br />"Undue Risk" is an unprecedented and chilling history of the use of human subjects in atomic, biological and chemical warfare experiments by the U.S. government from World War II to the present. Jonathan Moreno, a senior researcher on the president's special commission, goes where few researchers have gone before, exploring secret government documents which reveal a plethora of government experiments. He exposes startling details of experiments like those involving the exposure of soldiers to atomic blast fallout and secret LSD and mescaline experiments.From the courtrooms of Nuremberg to the battlefields of the Gulf War, "Undue Risk" exposes a variety of government policies and specific cases, including plutonium injections to unwilling hospital patients, and even the attempted recruitment of Nazi medical scientists by the U.S. government after World War II.New to the paperback edition, this exciting read covers recent objections by U.S. military personnel to required anthrax vaccinationsand new developments in government policies on experiments involving vulnerable human subjects.</span></p> <p face="verdana"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/b1be53e3-a4a2-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/eur010162003en.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/b1be53e3-a4a2-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/eur010162003en.htm</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>The European Union must address its human rights deficit</b><br />As it evolved from an economic into a political entity, the EU has developed its own distinct human rights profile. This showed mainly in the context of the EU’s relations with third countries, but the adoption of the European Charter of Fundamental Rights in 2000 and the European Parliament’s annual reports on human rights in the EU reflected the basic notion that human rights should begin at home. Now, with the European Union about to expand its membership to 25, and with a new constitutional treaty being negotiated which may incorporate the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the landscape of human rights in Europe is set to change further, and significantly. However, the EU is as yet slow in coming to grips with that. <u>As regards human rights standards within Europe, the EU’s human rights policy will remain fundamentally flawed as long as it turns a blind eye to human rights violations within its own borders</u>. Amnesty International’s regular reports on human rights abuses in Europe such as this biannual Concerns in Europe Bulletin have consistently included the majority of EU member states as well as candidate countries, showing a common and disturbing pattern of abuse by law enforcement officials.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-44349747827330029182008-02-24T19:17:00.000+01:002008-02-24T19:20:54.987+01:00Mind Control in the USA:<span style="font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></span> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Compilation of Navy Sponsored ELF Biomedical and Ecological Research Reports</b>. Vols. I and II (Feb.1975) Vol.III (Jan.1977). Bethesda, MD: Naval Medical Research and Development Command. Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>"Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated with Proposed Project Seafarer." </b>Rep. of the Committee on <u>Biosphere Effects of Extremely Low-Frequency Radiation</u>, Division of Medical Sciences, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, 1977.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">United States Congress, Senate Committee on Human Resources, Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research.</span><span style="font-size:78%;"><b><br />"Biological Testing Involving Human Subjects by the Department of Defense, 1977."</b> Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, first session, March 8 and May 23, 1977. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, DC.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>"Human Drug Testing by the CIA."</b> Hearings before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research on the Committee on Human Resources, United States Senate (Government Printing Office, 1977).</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>"Compensating for Research Injuries: A Report on the Ethical and Legal Implications of Programs to Redress Injuries Caused by Biomedical and Behavioral Research."</b> President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Washington, DC. G.P.O., 1982.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">United States Congress, House Committee on Government Operations, Legislation and National Security Subcommittee.<br /><b>"Cold War Era Human Subject Experimentation."</b> Hearing before the Legislation and National Security Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, second session, September 28, 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. G.P.O.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>"Presidential Report on Radiation, March 15, 1995 Testimony of MC Victims."</b> Videotape of the government hearing: Missoulians for a Clean Environment, P O Box 2885, Missoula, MT 59806.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><a href="http://www.loc.gov/loc/brain/proclaim.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.loc.gov/loc/brain/proclaim.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Project on the Decade of the Brain., Presidential Proclamation 6158</b><br />July 17, 1990, By the President of the United States of America<br /><u>A Proclamation</u>: The human brain, a 3-pound mass of interwoven nerve cells that controls our activity, is one of the most magnificent--and mysterious--wonders of creation. The seat of human intelligence, interpreter of senses, and controller of movement, this incredible organ continues to intrigue scientists and layman alike. From 1990 to the end of 1999, the Library of Congress and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health sponsored a unique interagency initiative to advance the goals set forth in a proclamation by President George Bush designating the 1990s as the Decade of the Brain: "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research" through "appropriate programs, ceremonies, and activities."</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><a href="http://www.lcmedia.com/mind168.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;">www.lcmedia.com/mind168.htm</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - 13k - from google cache Feb. 2008<br /><b>Top 10 Discoveries from the Decade of the Brain.,</b> Week of May 23, 2001<br />The decade of the brain, which ends this year, marked an acceleration of neuroscience research. This show takes a look at some of the astounding progress we've made in that decade, highlighting the ten most important breakthroughs. Guests include Dr. Guy McKhann, associate director for clinical research at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; Dr. Miguel Nicolelis, associate professor of neurobiology at the Duke University Medical Center; Dr. Jeffrey Kordower, director of research at the Center for Brain Repair at Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center; and Dr. Ronald McKay, chief of the laboratory of molecular biology at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><a href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/congress/2001/hr2977.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.fas.org/sgp/congress/2001/hr2977.html</span></a><br /><a href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:H.R.2977.IH"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c107:H.R.2977.IH</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">:<br /><b>the Space Preservation Act of 2001 (H.R.2977)</b><br /><u>Title:</u> To preserve the cooperative, peaceful uses of space for the benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the President to take action to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons.<br /><u>Sponsor:</u> Rep Kucinich, Dennis J. [OH-10] (introduced Oct. 2, 2001)<br /><u>Cosponsors</u> (None)<br />Latest Major Action: 4/19/2002 House committee/subcommittee actions.<br /><u>Status:</u> Unfavorable Executive Comment Received from DOD.<br /> HR 2977 IH<br /> 107th CONGRESS<br /> 1st Session<br /> H. R. 2977<br />To preserve the cooperative, peaceful uses of space for the benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the President to take action to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons.<br /> IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES<br /> October 2, 2001<br />Mr. KUCINICH introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Science, and in addition to the Committees on Armed Services, and International Relations, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned<br /> A BILL<br />To preserve the cooperative, peaceful uses of space for the benefit of all humankind by permanently prohibiting the basing of weapons in space by the United States, and to require the President to take action to adopt and implement a world treaty banning space-based weapons.<br />Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,<br /><u>SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.</u><br />This Act may be cited as the `Space Preservation Act of 2001'.<br /><u>SEC. 2. REAFFIRMATION OF POLICY ON THE PRESERVATION OF PEACE IN SPACE.</u><br />Congress reaffirms the policy expressed in section 102(a) of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (42 U.S.C. 2451(a)), stating that it `is the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind.'.<br /><u>SEC. 3. PERMANENT BAN ON BASING OF WEAPONS IN SPACE.</u><br />The President shall--<br />(1) implement a permanent ban on space-based weapons of the United States and remove from space any existing space-based weapons of the United States; and<br />(2) immediately order the permanent termination of research and development, testing, manufacturing, production, and deployment of all space-based weapons of the United States and their components.<br /><u>SEC. 4. WORLD AGREEMENT BANNING SPACE-BASED WEAPONS.</u><br />The President shall direct the United States representatives to the United Nations and other international organizations to immediately work toward negotiating, adopting, and implementing a world agreement banning space-based weapons.<br /></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><u>SEC. 5. REPORT.<br /></u>The President shall submit to Congress not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 90 days thereafter, a report on--<br />(1) the implementation of the permanent ban on space-based weapons required by section 3; and<br />(2) progress toward negotiating, adopting, and implementing the agreement described in section 4.<br /><u>SEC. 6. NON SPACE-BASED WEAPONS ACTIVITIES.</u><br />Nothing in this Act may be construed as prohibiting the use of funds for--<br />(1) space exploration;<br />(2) space research and development;<br />(3) testing, manufacturing, or production that is not related to space-based weapons or systems; or<br />(4) civil, commercial, or defense activities (including communications, navigation, surveillance, reconnaissance, early warning, or remote sensing) that are not related to space-based weapons or systems.<br /><u>SEC. 7. DEFINITIONS.</u><br />In this Act:<br />(1) The term `space' means all space extending upward from an altitude greater than 60 kilometers above the surface of the earth and any celestial body in such space.<br />(2)<br /><b>(A)</b> The terms `weapon' and `weapons system' mean a device capable of any of the following:<br />(i) Damaging or destroying an object (whether in outer space, in the atmosphere, or on earth) by--<br />(I) firing one or more projectiles to collide with that object;<br />(II) detonating one or more explosive devices in close proximity to that object;<br />(III) directing a source of energy (including molecular or atomic energy, subatomic particle beams, electromagnetic radiation, plasma, or extremely low frequency (ELF) or ultra low frequency (ULF) energy radiation) against that object; or<br />(IV) any other unacknowledged or as yet undeveloped means.<br />(ii) Inflicting death or injury on, or damaging or destroying, a person (or the biological life, bodily health, mental health, or physical and economic well-being of a person)--<br />(I) through the use of any of the means described in clause (i) or subparagraph (B);<br />(II) through the use of land-based, sea-based, or space-based systems using radiation, electromagnetic, psychotronic, sonic, laser, or other energies directed at individual persons or targeted populations for the purpose of information war, mood management, or mind control of such persons or populations; or<br />(III) by expelling chemical or biological agents in the vicinity of a person.<br /><b>(B)</b> Such terms include exotic weapons systems such as--<br />(i) electronic, psychotronic, or information weapons;<br />(ii) chemtrails;<br />(iii) high altitude ultra low frequency weapons systems;<br />(iv) plasma, electromagnetic, sonic, or ultrasonic weapons;<br />(v) laser weapons systems;<br />(vi) strategic, theater, tactical, or extraterrestrial weapons; and<br />(vii) chemical, biological, environmental, climate, or tectonic weapons.<br /><b>(C)</b> The term `exotic weapons systems' includes weapons designed to damage space or natural ecosystems (such as the ionosphere and upper atmosphere) or climate, weather, and tectonic systems with the purpose of inducing damage or destruction upon a target population or region on earth or in space.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Mind Control in Michigan Legislature:</span></b></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><a href="http://www.michiganlegislature.org/documents/2003-2004/billenrolled/house/pdf/2003-HNB-4513.pdf"><span style="font-size:78%;">www.michiganlegislature.org/documents/2003-2004/billenrolled/house/pdf/2003-HNB-4513.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Michigan Legislature acknowledges the existence of "harmful electronic or electromagnetic device(s)".</b><br />Bill 4513 is an amendment to 1931 PA 328, which defines crimes and prescribes penalties for crimes. The above crime is defined as: "a device designed to emit or radiate or that, as a result of its design, emits or radiates an electronic pulse, current, beam, signal, or microwave that is intended to cause harm to others or cause damage to, destroy, or disrupt any electronic or telecommunications system or device, including, but not limited to, a computer, computer network, or computer system".<br />Compiler Note: This is particularly useful in pointing out that laws are not passed for things that don't exist.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Mind Control in Federal Court:</span></b></p> <p face="verdana"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p face="verdana"><a href="http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/akwei.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.angelfire.com/or/mctrl/akwei.html</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.iahf.com/nsa/20010214.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.iahf.com/nsa/20010214.html</span></a><br /><a href="http://emhdf.com/akwei.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://emhdf.com/akwei.html</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">How The NSA Harasses Thousands Of Law Abiding Americans Daily By The Usage Of Remote Neural Monitoring (RNM). John St. Clair Akwei vs. NSA, Ft. Meade, MD, USA, (Civil Action 92-0449)<br /></span></p> <p face="verdana"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p face="verdana"><a href="http://www.scmp.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.scmp.com/</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Don roots out 'mindbenders'.,<br /></b>by PATRICIA YOUNG, 25th January 1996, South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd Hong Kong.<br />AN academic has filed a US$100 million (HK$773 million) writ against the US Government claiming it secretly implanted a miniature device in his teeth to control his mind.<br /></span><a href="http://www.hackcanada.com/homegrown/wetware/misc/emc.txt"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.hackcanada.com/homegrown/wetware/misc/emc.txt</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">"The South China Morning Post reported on January 25 1996 that an assistant professor at the University of Science & Technology, Hong Kong, has filed a $100 million suit against the U.S. government for implanting mind-control devices in his teeth. Huang Si-ming charges that the devices were implanted during root canal work in 1991 while he was studying at the University of Iowa, according to Morning Post reported Patricia Young. Another student at Iowa University, who like Huang, was born in China, had gone on a shooting spree, and the Feds, Huang says, put the devices in his teeth to find out if he was involved. "The Hong Kong professor says he suffered an Alzheimer's disease-like memory loss that hampered his teaching. It stopped, he says, only when he sought legal aid to mount his lawsuit. Besides the U.S., the suit names the University of Science & Technology on the grounds that it was involved in continuing the mind-control work. It also seeks punitive damages of $1 million from the defendants for 'low ethical standards.' "Huang claims that one of the devices in his teeth can read his thoughts and talk to his mind when he's asleep. A second device, he believes, transmits pictures of what he sees to a receiver for recording. The mind controller, he says, can drive him to 'bad' behavior. He gives two examples, one of which cannot be mentioned in a family magazine."</span></p> <p face="verdana"><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p face="verdana"><br /><b><span style="font-size:78%;">President of the USA; George W. Bush, possibly suffering from derailed Cognitive Enhancement ?</span></b></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/fallows"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/fallows</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Bush's Lost Year</b>, by James Fallows<br />But in most ways the assumptions and tone of the conversation now seem impossibly remote. At the beginning of 2002 the United States still operated in a climate of worldwide sympathy and solidarity. A broad range of allies supported its anti-Taliban efforts in Afghanistan, and virtually no international Muslim leaders had denounced them. <u>President Bush was still being celebrated for his eloquent speech expressing American resolve</u>, before a joint session of Congress on September 20. His deftness in managing domestic and international symbols was typified by his hosting an end-of-Ramadan ceremony at the White House in mid-December, even as battle raged in the Tora Bora region of Afghanistan, on the Pakistani border.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">(</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;">www.YouTube.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">) Bush- Drunk, President Bush Drunken Speech, Is president Bush an idiot?, President Bush Drunk Again, President Bush Drunk, Is President Bush drinking again? (3), Great Moments In Presidential Speeches Compilation, Bush debating skills worsen, Bush VS Bush,<br />president bush vs governor bush, Governor Bush in 2000,<br />Bush Video 10 years ago! </span><a href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=pw4Bhmm22xo"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://youtube.com/watch?v=pw4Bhmm22xo</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Bush Ten Years Ago - And Now! </span><a href="http://youtube.com/watch?v=NvVilAlCBYc"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://youtube.com/watch?v=NvVilAlCBYc</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Comparing Pres. G.W. Bush debating skills in the Texas Gubernatorial Debate 1994 -vs- The 200x Presidential Debate against John Kerry, concluding that the degradation may stem from pre-senile dementia.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">2008 State of the Union Address - Part 2 (Compiler note: Pres. regained his fluent speech again.)</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3149217997011496883.post-10971484002840463662008-02-24T19:11:00.000+01:002008-02-24T19:24:39.955+01:00Mind Control in Europe:<a href="http://aei.pitt.edu/5538/"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://aei.pitt.edu/5538/</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Echelon/stoa1jan1998.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Echelon/stoa1jan1998.html</span></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">An Appraisal of Technologies of Political Control,</span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Scientific and Technological Options Assessment STOA. Working document. PE 166.499</b><span style="font-weight: bold;">,</span></span><br />by Steve Wright Omega Foundation Manchester, 6 January 1998.<br />From the: Archive of European Integration (AEI), University of Pittsburgh USA.<br />This reports hints a few times at Neural Implant / mind Control Technology, most notably here:<br /></span><p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><u>3.2 Surveillance Technologies:</u><br />Neural Network bugs go one step further. Build like a small cockroach, as soon as the lights go out they can crawl to the best location for surveillance(22). In fact Japanese researchers have taken this idea one step further, controlling and manipulating real cockroaches by implanting microprocessors and electrodes in their bodies. The insects can be fitted with micro cameras and sensors to reach the places other bugs can't reach(23.) The other hints at Neural Implant / mind Control Technology, can be found here:<br />4 Developments in Surveillance Technology<br />4.3 Bugging and Tapping Devices<br />5.6 Second Generation Incapacitating Weapons<br />6 New Prison Control Systems<br />7.2 Torture Software<br />References:<br />(22) "Police tap into the secrets of technology", by S.Davies (and S.Hough), Daily Telegraph, 28 Jan. 1997 p.7<br />(23) "6-Legged superfly scuttles to our aid", by R. Whymant, Times, 29 Jan. 1977<br />These old 1977, 1997 references cannot be checked online? but are similar to these for more see: MC2 Neurally Enhanced Animals.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.intercorr.com/roach.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;">www.intercorr.com/roach.htm</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Insects can do many things that people can't.,</b><br />by Eric Talmadoe AP july 2001, date google cached: 4 Jan 2008.<br />"Insects can do many things that people can't", said Assistant Professor Isao Shimoyama, head of the bio-robot research team at Tokyo University. "The potential applications of this work for mankind could be immense." Within a few years, Shimoyama says, electronically controlled insects carrying mini-cameras or other sensory devices could be used for a variety of sensitive missions - like crawling through earthquake rubble to search for victims, or slipping under doors on espionage surveillance.</span></div> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/publications/studies/19991401a_en.pdf"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/publications/studies/19991401a_en.pdf</span></a><br /><b><span style="font-size:78%;">"Crowd Control Technologies - An Assessment Of Crowd Control Technology Options For The European Union" </span></b></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>(EP/1V/B/STOA/99/14/01)</b><br /><u>EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:</u> This study grew out of a 1997 STOA report, <b>'An Appraisal of the Technologies of Political Control'</b> and takes that work further. Its focus is two fold: (i) to examine the bio-medical effects and the social & political impacts of currently available crowd control weapons in Europe; (ii) to analyse world wide trends and developments including the implications for Europe of a second generation of so called "non-lethal" weapons.<br /><b>2ND. GENERATION CROWD CONTROL WEAPONS</b> The report warns against adopting ever more powerful crowd control weapons as "technical fixes" and allowing the policing assumptions of the United States to organise, militarise and market public order options for the European Union without public debate or accountability. In assessing the effects of such 2nd. Generation weapons, the report advises that adoption of the principles of ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) SIrUS project (which suggests that because of their viii technical characteristics and human targeting mechanisms, certain weapons should be banned because they are intrinsically inhumane or capable of causing unnecessary suffering). Since much of this work is shrouded in secrecy, the European Parliament may wish to request the Commission to report on the existing liaison arrangements for the second generation of non-lethal weapons to enter European Union from the USA and call for an independent report on their alleged safety as well as their intended and unforseen social and political effects.<br /><b>NEW BIO-WEAPONS FOR CROWD CONTROL</b> Evidence emerged during the course of this study indicating that advances in neuroscience modelling of receptor sites in the human brain, coupled with new knowledge of the human genetic code (emerging from both the Human Genome Project and the Human ix Diversity Project), is already opening a path for malign use of the biological sciences for targeted human control. Whilst the research is still embryonic, there is a risk of behaviour modification, race specific crowd control weapons and area denial technologies emerging with profound implications which need to be further<br />assessed in terms of both current capabilities and what the results of thee projects might mean in terms of the state of the art, which is rapidly changing. Given that the EC has already agreed to ban any weapons which directly work on the basis of targeting or otherwise interfering with the operation of the human brain, a new STOA study is proposed, covering the potential malign implications of human genetic modification research and related genome projects on human control weapons of the future.<br /><u>5. ABUSE OF TECHNOLOGIES</u> This process is perhaps most pronounced in the United States where for the last twenty years Congress has encouraged the US military to supply new weapons and training to the civilian police forces. This has institutionalised Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) squads in almost every state. A new study by the US CATO Institute warns that the mindset of the soldier is simply not appropriate for the civilian police officer. Police officers confront not an enemy but individuals who are protected by the Bill of Rights. Due to her experience with victims who have been tortured with electro-shock weapons, the Director of the London-based, Medical Foundation for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture Victims has described electro-shock batons as "the modern universal tool of the Torturer".290<br /><u>6.2 Design, Role & Function of 2nd Generation "Less-Lethal" Weapons</u></span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">There is always a marine with a rifle standing behind the one with a glue gun.<br /><u>6.3.1 Calmatives</u> The human brain has thousands of so called receptor sites. A receptor has been defined by Dr. Mathew Meselson as a molecule on a cell which when a certain other kind of molecule called a ligand binds to it, causes something to happen. For example: There are receptors in our brain called opioid receptors. The body manufacturers molecules called enkephalins and endorphins, which bind with these receptors; if the proper molecule binds to some of these receptors it alleviates pain, or brings on sleep, or slows down breathing or affects various emotions. As discussed in 6.4 (below) the Human Genome project will map these receptor sites, and eventually those which evoke sleep, obedience, submission, sexual display etc. The US military have undertaken research on these receptor sites for many years. Of the few that have been identified, some can cause temporary blindness; can make you think you are smelling something that is not there; can cause submissiveness or extreme anxiety.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A4-1999-0005+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A4-1999-0005+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>REPORT on the environment, security and foreign policy, 14 January 1999, PE 227.710/fin.A4-0005/99</b><br />Draftsman: Mr Olsson, Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection<br />(Hughes procedure)<br />Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence Policy<br />Rapporteur: Mrs Maj Britt Theorin<br />At the sitting of 13 July 1995, the President of Parliament announced that he had referred the motion for a resolution tabled pursuant to Rule 45 of the Rules of Procedure by Mrs Rehn Rouva on the potential use of military-related resources for environmental strategies, (B4-0551/95), to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence Policy as the committee responsible and to the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection for its opinion.<br /> A MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION<br /> B EXPLANATORY STATEMENT<br /> Annex 1<br /> OPINION<br /><b>Legal aspects of military activities</b><br /><u>26.</u> Calls on the European Union to seek to have the new 'non-lethal' weapons technology and the development of new arms strategies also covered and regulated by international conventions;<br /><u>27.</u> Considers HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Project) by virtue of its farreaching impact on the environment to be a global concern and calls for its legal, ecological and ethical implications to be examined by an international independent body before any further research and testing; regrets the repeated refusal of the United States Administration to send anyone in person to give evidence to the public hearing or any subsequent meeting held by its competent committee into the environmental and public risks connected with the high Frequency Active Auroral Research Project (HAARP) programme currently being funded in Alaska;<br /><u>28.</u> Requests the Scientific and Technological Options Assessment (STOA) Panel to agree to examine the scientific and technical evidence provided in all existing research findings on HAARP to assess the exact nature and degree of risk that HAARP poses both to the local and global environment and to public health generally;<br /><u>29.</u> Calls on the Commission, in collaboration with the governments of Sweden, Finland, Norway and the Russian Federation, to examine the environmental and public health implications of the HAARP programme for Arctic Europe and to report back to Parliament with its findings;<br /><u>30.</u> Calls in particular for an international convention for a global ban on all research and development, whether military or civilian, which seeks to apply knowledge of the chemical, electrical, sound vibration or other functioning of the human brain to the development of weapons which might enable any form of manipulation of human beings, including a ban on any actual or possible deployment of such systems;<br />(1) = Source: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). In 1988 global military spending totalled $1066 bn, compared an estimated $704 bn in 1997.<br />Last updated: 13 March 1999</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Two parliamentary questions from:</span></b></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><u>Paul Lannoye (Belgian politician)</u><br /></span><a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2004-1446+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+WQ+E-2004-1446+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Parliamentary questions, 29 April 2004, E-1446/04<br />WRITTEN QUESTION by Paul Lannoye (Verts/ALE) to the Commission<br />Question which has lapsed pursuant to Rule 185 of Parliament's Rules of Procedure.<br />Subject: HAARP project and Commission follow-up to the resolution adopted by Parliament in 1999<br />In its resolution of 28 January 1999 on the environment, security and foreign policy (A4-0005/99)(1), Parliament stated that the HAARP project was manipulating the environment for military ends (recital R) and called for there to be a STOA examination of HAARP, as a global concern (paragraph 24), in order to assess the impact on the local and global environment and on public health in general. In paragraph 26, Parliament called on the Commission to examine the possible environmental and public health implications of the HAARP programme for Arctic Europe and to report back to Parliament with its findings. Five years later, I am not aware of the existence of any such report. Would the Commission explain what initiatives have been taken regarding this affair?<br />(1) = OJ C 128, 07.05.1999, p. 92. Original language of question: FR, Question not yet published in the OJ, Last updated: 14 July 2004</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:verdana;"><u><span style="font-size:78%;">and Hiltrud Breyer (German politician)<br /></span></u><a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=WQ&reference=E-2003-1453&language=EN"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=WQ&reference=E-2003-1453&language=EN</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">Parliamentary questions, 28 April 2003, E-1453/03<br />WRITTEN QUESTION by Hiltrud Breyer (Verts/ALE) to the Commission<br />Subject: European Parliament resolution of 28 January 1999 (A4-0005/1999) on the environment, security and foreign policy.<br />With reference to paragraphs 26 to 29 of the European Parliament resolution of 28 January 1999 on the environment, security and foreign policy (A4-0005/1999(1)):</span></p> <ol style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:verdana;"> <li><span style="font-size:78%;">With regard to paragraph 26, has the Commission examined whether there are environmental and public health implications for Arctic Europe arising from the HAARP programme, and will it be reporting to Parliament concerning its findings? If so, what implications have been identified? </span> </li><li><span style="font-size:78%;">With regard to paragraph 27, what steps has the Commission taken to establish and enforce an international convention introducing a global ban on all developments and deployments of weapons which might enable any form of manipulation of human beings? </span> </li><li><span style="font-size:78%;">With regard to paragraph 28, what steps has the Commission taken to conclude international treaties to protect the environment from unnecessary destruction in the event of war? </span> </li><li><span style="font-size:78%;">With regard to paragraph 29, what steps has the Commission taken with a view to the establishment of international standards for the environmental impact of peacetime military activities?</span></li> </ol> <p style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">(1) = OJ C 128, 7.5.1999, p. 92. Original language of question: DE, OJ C 33 E, 06/02/2004 (p. 120)., Last updated: 16 March 2004</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">One answer:<br /><br /></span></b></p> <div style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: verdana;"><a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2003-1453&language=EN"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2003-1453&language=EN</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Parliamentary questions, 3 July 2003, E-1453/2003</b><br /><u>Answer given by Mrs Wallström on behalf of the Commission</u><br />The High frequency Active Auroral Research Programme (HAARP) for Arctic Europe is a military programme. The Commission has no competence, nor indeed the expertise, to carry out the examination requested by the Parliament in paragraph 26 of its Resolution. With regard to the requests made in paragraphs 27 to 29, these deal with international treaties and standards which are predominantly concerned with military questions, e.g. on disarmament, and therefore fall within the competence of the Member States.<br />OJ C 33 E, 06/02/2004 (p. 121)., Last updated: 30 March 2004<br /><br /></span></div> <p style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><u>Compiler comments:</u> </span><span style="font-size:78%;"><i>"It seems that nobody feels anylonger responsible in the EU-Parliament for this matter."<br />There is some confusion too about the registration of this document: A4-005/99 versus A4-0005/99.<br />Dr. Nick Begich took part in the meeting of the EU-Committee.</i> see: Nick Begich page 34: </span><a href="http://www.projectcensored.org/newsflash/ElectromegnaticWeapons.pdf"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.projectcensored.org/newsflash/ElectromegnaticWeapons.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, </span></p> <p style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">US Electromagnetic Weapons and Human Rights, A Study of the History of US Intelligence Community Human Rights Violations and Continuing Research in Electromagnetic Weapons. by Peter Phillips, Lew Brown and Bridget Thornton.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><a href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/publications/studies/20000101_en.pdf"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.europarl.europa.eu/stoa/publications/studies/20000101_en.pdf</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN DEFENCE POLICY AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT: A CHALLENGE FOR THE EU<br />The STOA Programme, PE number: PE 297.567/Fin.St.,</b> Version 1.3, 8 June 2001<br /><u>Introduction:</u> This report to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, Human Rights, Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Parliament seeks to lay out options the Committee might decide to consider in regard of the future development of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). It is the final report of the study by TNO Physics and Electronics Laboratory (The Hague, The Netherlands) and IABG (Ottobrunn, Germany) on 'new technologies in defence policy and conflict management'. This study has been ordered by the European Parliament, in the context of the STOA Workplan 2000 (STOA: Scientific and Technological Options Assessment, workplan ref. EP/IV/A/STOA2000/01/01).</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Mind Control in EU National Legislature:</span></b></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">Psychotronics banned by Law in Bulgaria before collapse of communism.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">Psychotronics ban in Belgium Criminal Law:<br />Strafwetboek: Art. 71. Er is geen misdrijf, wanneer de beschuldigde of de beklaagde op het ogenblik van het feit in staat van krankzinnigheid was of wanneer hij gedwongen werd door een macht die hij niet heeft kunnen weerstaan.<br />Penal code: Art. 71. There is no indictable offence, when the accused or suspect on the moment of the fact in appearedin a state of insanity or when he was forced by a power that he had been unable to resist.</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">Italian anti Psychotronics case:<br /></span><a href="http://www.avae-m.org/www.associazionevittimearmielettroniche-mentali.org/Sembra%"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.avae-m.org/www.associazionevittimearmielettroniche-mentali.org/Sembra%</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">20fantascienza3-ultimo.htm<br />DOSSIER SUL CONTROLLO MENTALE E LE TORTURE TECNOLOGICHE, 2006 (DI M.FABIANI, CON IL CONTRIBUTO DI P.DORIGO, M.BASSETTI, M.SACCHI)</span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Mind Control Petitions:</span></b></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">Mojmir Babacek's : PETITION to the: INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS and<br />INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT SOCIETIES<br /></span><a href="http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/2289/petition2.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/2289/petition2.htm</span></a></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></p> <p style="font-family:verdana;"><br /><b><span style="font-size:78%;">President of Russia; Jeltsin's neural implant:</span></b></p> <p face="verdana"><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span><br /><a href="http://www.erixon.com/foto/b/b0jeltsin.jpg"><span style="font-size:78%;">www.erixon.com/foto/b/b0jeltsin.jpg</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.digischool.nl/kleioscoop/camerascoop/rusland/jeltsin%201991.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.digischool.nl/kleioscoop/camerascoop/rusland/jeltsin%201991.htm</span></a><br /><a href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7665457274624818421&q=boris+yeltsin"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7665457274624818421&q=boris+yeltsin</span></a></p> <p face="verdana"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Groningse chirurg opereerde Jeltsin.,</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> De Telegraaf page 11, 28-04-2007<br />GRONINGEN, zaterdag; De woensdag begraven Russische oud-president Boris Jeltsin is in september 1999 geopereerd door neurochirurg prof. Michiel Staal uit Groningen. De ingreep moest Jeltsin afhelpen van de pijn die het gevolg was van een neurologische aandoening. Voor zijn neurologische aandoening kreeg Jeltsin van zijn artsen medicijnen, die hem letterlijk uit zijn evenwicht zouden hebben gebracht. Hij viel in het openbaar enkele keren om. Daarop werd hem drankmisbruik verweten. Staal wil niets over de operatie zeggen. Hij baseert zich op zijn beroepsgeheim. De chirurg vindt het onjuist dat Jeltsin als alcoholist de geschiedenis zou ingaan. Jeltsin stierf maandag op 76-jarige leeftijd aan een hartaanval. </span></p> <p face="verdana"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>'Jeltsin lijkt wel op batterijen te lopen'.,</b> Het Parool, page 2 27-04-2007<br />by FRANS PEETERS, GRONINGEN - De geheime operatie door de Groningse neurochirurg Michiel Staal van Boris Jeltsin, destijds president van Rusland, vond in Moskou plaats in september 1999, op een cruciaal moment. Eind dat jaar waren er verkiezingen die door Jeltsins kroonprins, Vladimir Poetin, moesten worden gewonnen. Het was van belang dat Jeltsin tot dat tijdstip gezond bleef en niet, zoals de grondwet in dat geval eiste, zou worden vervangen door de voorzitter van de Doema, de Russische volksvertegenwoordiging. Die zou zich immers als interim-president in de verkiezingscampagne kunnen presenteren als een geduchte concurrent van Jeltsins beoogde opvolger Poetin. De operatie in Moskou zou de implantatie van een zenuwstimulator hebben behelst, waardoor een einde kwam aan het 'dronkenmansgedrag'. Professor Staal wil daarover desgevraagd nu alleen maar kwijt: "U bent goed geïnformeerd." De ingreep moest ook geheim blijven om de president te beschermen tegen terroristen. Die zouden immers, mochten ze te weten komen dat Jeltsin het geïmplanteerde apparaatje droeg, dat op afstand kunnen storen. Duidelijk is wel dat de operatie slaagde; na de ingreep constateerde de nietsvermoedende buitenwereld dat het opeens beter ging met de president. "Het lijkt wel of hij op batterijen loopt," schreef een Russische journalist. Het Groningse team is naar verluidt na de operatie nog enkele keren naar Rusland gereisd om de patiënt te controleren. Dat moet volgens het verhaal dat in Groningen de ronde doet, zijn gebeurd in 2001, 2002 en 2005. Deze bezoeken zijn, evenmin als de operatie zelf, nooit uitgelekt.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b>Vragen bij de dood van Jeltsin.,</b> De Volkskrant page 11, 25-04-2007<br />by Anet Bleich, Ruim een jaar voordat Boris Jeltsin op die tank sprong en met zijn imposante lijf de conservatief communistische coupplegers tartte, heb ik hem een keertje persoonlijk mogen ontmoeten. Hij was op wereldtournee om zijn autobiografie te promoten en gaf een persconferentie in Amsterdam. Nou ja, hij hield een monoloog van 35 minuten, en als hem iets gevraagd werd, herhaalde hij een stukje daaruit. Hij was, meen ik me te herinneren, erg trots een Rus te zijn en hoopte te worden gekozen tot voorzitter van het Russische parlement, wat ook gebeurd is. Op mij maakte hij een onbehouwen indruk. Onsympathiek. Zelfs – al besef ik dat het onbescheiden of zelfs megalomaan klinkt om zoiets te zeggen van een wereldleider – een beetje dom. Wat ik in elk geval toen niet en later niet heb begrepen is waarom zo veel mensen, onder wie eminente Ruslandkenners, meer vertrouwen hadden in Boris Jeltsin dan in Michaïl Gorbatsjov. Gorbatsjov was begonnen aan de gigantische opgave om de verstarde communistische dictatuur stap voor stap open te breken en bloot te stellen aan democratische beïnvloeding. Glasnost (openheid) en perestrojka (ombouw, structurele verandering), waren zijn motto’s. Hij maakte een eind aan de bezetting van Afghanistan, sloot wapenbeheersingsakkoorden met de Amerikanen en verzette zich niet tegen de ‘fluwelen revoluties’ in Oost-Europa. De Sovjet-Unie waarvan hij president geworden was, hoopte hij van een supercentralistische commandostaat te kunnen ombouwen tot een federatie van gelijkwaardige deelstaten. Natuurlijk stuitte dit programma op enorme weerstand van gestaalde communisten en gearriveerde bureaucraten. Gorbatsjov slaagde er niet in zijn potentiële aanhang te organiseren. Of zijn streven naar een democratische en sociale unie onder een gunstiger gesternte kans van slagen had gehad, zullen we nooit weten. Want Boris Jeltsin, die in augustus 1991 de coup tegen Gorbatsjov afweerde, sloeg meteen daarop zijn slag. Hij hief de Sovjet-Unie met een pennenstreek op en nam de plaats in van de man die nu president was van iets wat niet meer bestond. Gorbatsjov vertrok in alle rust en zo kwam een onbloedig eind aan het door Stalin vormgegeven imperium. Iedereen gaf Jeltsin op z’n minst het voordeel van de twijfel. Hij poseerde als radicale democraat en groot hervormer. Dat hij die reputatie niet heeft waargemaakt, kan achteraf door niemand meer worden betwist. De twee gebeurtenissen die in geen necrologie onvermeld blijven, zijn de bestorming van het Russische parlement in oktober 1993 – honderd doden – en de oorlog met het naar afscheiding strevende Tsjetsjenië, dat toen nog geen broedplaats van Al Qaida-achtige radicalen was. Het is Jeltsin geweest en niet Poetin die Grozny naar het stenen tijdperk bombardeerde (de laatste heeft dat nog eens dunnetjes over gedaan). Toch was en bleef Jeltsin de lieveling van het Westen, de grote vriend van zijn Amerikaanse ambtgenoot Clinton. Waarom? Het voor de hand liggende antwoord is: omdat Rusland onder zijn leiding toch maar een democratie geworden is. Dat is min of meer waar. Er was persvrijheid, meer dan nu. Er deden partijen aan de verkiezingen mee die niet vanuit het Kremlin beheerst werden. Dat was voor Rusland heel bijzonder. Maar het is ook waar dat die prille democratie van binnenuit door corruptie werd aangevreten. De kranten kwamen in handen van miljardairs en werden vaak gebruikt om rekeningen te vereffenen. Als afgevaardigden in de Doema lastig dreigden te worden, kregen ze vanuit Jeltsins kliek een mooie flat of prettige geldsom aangeboden. De Doema gaf dan ook zelden problemen. Intrigerend is de vraag hoe het mogelijk is dat de Russische economie, de pensioenen, het onderwijs, de gezondheidszorg in korte tijd in één grote puinhoop veranderden. Waarom moesten de zogenaamd marktgerichte hervormingen in een moordend tempo worden doorgevoerd, zonder dat eerst voor een juridische basis gezorgd was? Waarom werden Ruslands natuurlijke rijkdommen voor een habbekrats aan de meest biedenden verkocht? Waarom werden miljoenen mensen in armoede gedompeld, terwijl een handjevol in weelde baadde met bankrekeningen in het buitenland? Waarom moest een verstarde, maar egalitaire samenleving met onmondig gehouden, maar goed opgeleide burgers worden getransformeerd tot een primitieve klassenmaatschappij? Dat u van zuipen hield, Boris Nikolajevitsj, was uw eigen zaak. Maar dat u het ideaal van de democratie in een moeras van corruptie en onrecht heeft laten verzuipen, is niet zo gemakkelijk te vergeven.</span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><b><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">President of France; Sarkozy possibly suffering from derailed Cognitive Enhancement ?</span></b></p> <p style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">See all videos on President Sarkozy "drunk" at last G8 SUMMIT in YouTube<br /></span><a href="http://fletcher.blog.20minutes.fr/images/medium_sarko-grimace.jpg"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://fletcher.blog.20minutes.fr/images/medium_sarko-grimace.jpg</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.tageblatt.lu/images/journal/070607sar.jpg"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://www.tageblatt.lu/images/journal/070607sar.jpg</span></a><br /><a href="http://grenoble-alternance.typepad.com/grenoble_alternance/images/sarkozy.jpg"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://grenoble-alternance.typepad.com/grenoble_alternance/images/sarkozy.jpg</span></a><br /><span style="font-size:78%;">President Sarkozy with bush<br /></span><a href="http://imgsrv.knx1070.com/image/DbGraphic/200706/582324.jpg"><span style="font-size:78%;">http://imgsrv.knx1070.com/image/DbGraphic/200706/582324.jpg</span></a></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com16