Wednesday, 16 July 2008

3B Mind Control Pioneers

3B Mind Control Pioneers

id="v70g" style="font-family: tahoma;">

style="font-family: tahoma;">

style="font-family:
tahoma;">http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/article/suppl/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.061206.133100?file=SupplementalApendix.pdf&cookieSet=1
A Brief Summary of the History of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation;
by Alvaro Pascual-Leone and Timothy Wagner; Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Boston, USA

In 43 AD, Scribonious Largus, a court physician to the Roman emperor Claudius, recorded in his book ‘Compositiones Medicamentorum’, a most detailed collection of
drug compounds or recipes in use by physicians at that time. Among these he mentions the use of electrical currents to treat headaches and gout by applying electric torpedo fish to the affected regions or by placing painful extremities into a pool of water containing torpedo fish. The resulting electrical shocks presumably stunned the peripheral skin receptors, or affected spinal or brain structures inducing an immediate and residual numbness in the extremity and an associated transient period of pain relief. In this application electrical torpedo fish were a very early means oftranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for therapeutic purposes. This form of treatment reportedly became particularly popular for the treatment of gouty arthritis. In the late 18th century, Luigi Galvani began laying the foundations for modern electrophysiology and bioelectric theory with his famous “animal electricity” experiments and the invention of the voltaic cell. While many people consider Galvani the father of modernelectrophysiology , French physician Charles Le Roy actually began experimenting with the use of electricity to influence physiological function in 1755.

From Skews Me, Brain Implants; http://www.skewsme.com/implants.html

In id="e6om">id="veq.">1870,two German researchers named [Eduard] Hitzig and [Gustav] Fritsch electrically stimulated the brains of dogs, demonstrating that certain portions of the brain were the centers of motor function. The American Dr. RobertBartholow, within four years, demonstrated that the same was true of human beings. By the turn of the [twentieth] century in Germany Fedor Krause was able to do a systematic electrical mapping of the human brain, using conscious patients undergoing brain surgery [Morgan, James P., “The First Reported Case of Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain,” Journal of History of Medicine at http://www3.oup.co.uk/jalsci/scope/; Zimmerman, M., “Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain,” Human Neurobiology, 1982].

id="c4wt" style="font-family: tahoma;">href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/l230867105183973/fulltext.pdf"
target="_blank">>http://www.springerlink.com/content/l230867105183973/fulltext.pdf
id="kufe" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">style="font-size:85%;">Lapicque’s 1907 paper: from frogs to integrate-and-fire,
by N Brunel M.C.W. van Rossum, Biological Cybernetics 4 Oct. 2007, DOI 10.1007/s00422-007-0190-0
Abstract: Exactly 100 years ago, Louis Lapicque published a paper on the excitability of nerves that is often cited in the context of integrate-and-fire
neurons.

id="cif-">class="postbody" id="d3e1">Wediscuss Lapicque’s contributions along with a translation of the original publication.

id="mcm0" style="font-family:tahoma;">style="font-size:85%;">id="zmr7">1930:

Another early researcher into electrical stimulation of the brain was Walter Rudolf Hess, who began research into ESB in the 1930s, jolting patients’ brains with shocks administered through tiny needles that pierced the skull. His experiments [also] included the insertion of fine electrically conductive wires into the brains ofanaesthetized cats. To noone’s great surprise, given mild electrical stimulation the cats went beserk [Vance Packard, The People Shapers (New York: Bantam Books, 1977); “Hess, Walter Rudolf,” Encyclopedia Americana (New York: Harper & Row, 1969); “Hess, Walter Rudolph,” Funk &Wagnalls New Encyclopedia (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Inc., 1973)].

id="kzck" style="font-family: tahoma;">href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/79/2048/299"
target="_blank">>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/79/2048/299
id="fo3c" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">style="font-size:85%;">Electrical excitation of the nervous system—introducing a new principle: remote control.,
by Light RU, Chaffee EL., Science 30 mar. 1934;79: pp. 299–300.
DOI: 10.1126/science.79.2048.299

1940:

During the decades of the 1940s and 1950s, Wilder Penfield…experimented with electrical brain stimulation on patients undergoing surgery. One of Penfield’s discoveries was that the application of electricity on alert patients could stimulate the memory of past events [Project Open Mind] (full pic, video).

Severed Head Lives "Shocking" http://nl.youtube.com/watch?=cEcUTMpyRLY

In the early 1940s, Soviet scientists experimented severed heads and bringing life back to dead bodies of animals.

Russian Experiment: Decapitated dog head kept alive http://youtube.com/watch?=oHLNmw0vHm4

Experiments in the Revival of Organisms (1940) Part 1 http://youtube.com/watch?=WfIUnIpSbQI&feature=related

Experiments in the Revival of Organisms (1940) Part 2 http://youtube.com/watch?=KSYOD1_JPw4&feature=related

Dogs Head Revived http://youtube.com/watch?=k5yRan-aIyc

This film is shown through the courtesy of the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship and is distributed through the American-Soviet Medical Society in New York.

SOVIET FILM AGENCY presents EXPERIMENTS IN THE REVIVAL OF ORGANISMS; Research in the Revival of Animal Organisms by means of an Artificial Blood Circulation System carried out at the institute of Experimental Physiology and Therapy. USSR. Scenario and Scientific Supervision Doctor of Medical Science S.S.Bryukhonenko; Direction D.I. Yashin; Photography E.V. Kashina; Animation T.D. Tikhomirova;Production TECHFILM STUDIO, MOSCOW, 1940; Introduced by Professor J.B.S. Haldane, F.R.S.

FROM THE REVIVAL OF SEPARATE ORGANS TO THE REVIVAL OF A WHOLE ORGANISM

A Russian USSR experiment, showing a decapitated dog's head being kept alive by pumping oxygenated blood to the head. Dog clearly reacts to external stimuli. Experiment in the revival of organs. Project show that with adequate external technology: lungs, heart, kidneys, liver, stomachet al can be replaced.

href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=17816859"
target="_blank">>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=17816859
id="b-:t" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/110/2849/140"
target="_blank">>http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/110/2849/140
id="h_ne" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">style="font-size:85%;">Atechnique for chronic remote nerve stimulation.,
by Lafferty JM, Farrell JJ., Science 5 aug. 1949;110: pp. 140–141
DOI: 10.1126/science.110.2849.140.

id="w1yt" style="font-size:85%;">1950:

Robert G. Heath and Dr. Russell Moore,

funded largely by the U.S. military and the CIA, experiment with mind manipulation by inserting up to 125 electrodes into subjects’ brains (alongside drugs such as LSD).

Heath also suggests that lobotomies be performed on patients, not for therapeutic reasons, but for the convenience of the hospital staff.

Robert Galbraith Heath; From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dr. Robert Galbraith Heath (1915 - 24 September 1999) was an American psychiatrist. He followed the theory of biological psychiatry that organic defects were the sole source of mental illness, and that consequently mental problems were treatable by physical means. Heath founded the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology at Tulane University, New Orleans, in 1949 and remained its Chairman until 1980 He performed many experiments there involving electrical stimulation of the brain via surgically implanted electrodes. This work was partially financed by the CIA and the US military. One of his collaborators was the Australian psychiatrist Harry Bailey, who later reminisced that they had used African Americans as subjects "because they were everywhere and cheap experimental animals". Heath also experimented with the drugbulbocapnine to induce stupor, using prisoners in the Louisiana State Penitentiary as experimental subjects. He later worked on schizophrenia, which he regarded as an illness with a physical basis.

Notes:

Heath, R.G. (1961) Reappraisal of biological aspects of psychiatry. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 3: 1-11.
In Memoriam: Robert Galbraith Heath, MD, DMSci (1915–1999). Neurology 54(2): 286.
Heath, R.G. (1963) Electrical self-stimulation of the brain in man. American Journal of Psychiatry 120: 571-577.
Moan, C.E., & Heath, R.G. (1972) Septal stimulation for the initiation of heterosexual activity in a homosexual male. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 3: 23-30.
http://www.wireheading.com/robert-heath.html Robert Heath at Wireheading
Slattery, J.P. (1990) Report of the Royal Commission into Deep Sleep Therapy. New South Wales Parliamentary Paper 304/1990-1991 ISBN 0724087664
Scheflin, A.W. & Opton, E.M. (1978) The Mind Manipulators: a non-fiction account. (Paddington Press: New York) ISBN 0448229773 pp. 314-315.
Heath, R.G. (1967) Schizophrenia: pathogenetic theories. International Journal of Psychiatry 3(5): 407-10.

style="font-size:85%;">id="mjxh">1953:

style="font-family: tahoma;">John Lilly, of the National Institute of Mental Health, discovers that he can simulate a variety of emotions by placing electrodes inside a monkey’s brain. (A male monkey, for example, when given a switch to prompt orgasm, pushes the button approximately every three minutes.) Lilly's work draws theCIA’s attention and is later described in John Marks's The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control (1979) and George Andrews's MKULTRA: The CIA's Top Secret Program in Human Experimentation and Behavior Modification (2001). [The Atlantic]

John C. Lilly; From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
John Cunningham Lilly (January 6, 1915 – September 30, 2001) was an American physician, psychoanalyst and writer. He was a pioneer researcher into the nature of consciousness using as his principal tools the isolation tank, dolphin communication and psychedelic drugs, sometimes in combination. Lilly was a qualified physician and psychoanalyst. He made contributions in the fields of biophysics, neurophysiology, electronics, computer science, andneuroanatomy. He invented and promoted the use of the isolation tank as a means of sensory deprivation. He was also a pioneer in attempting interspecies communication between humans and dolphins. After the war he trained in psychoanalysis and at the University of Pennsylvania where he began researching the physical structures of the brain and of its consciousness. In 1951 he published a paper showing how he could display patterns of brain electrical activity on a cathode ray display screen using electrodes he specially devised for insertion into a living brain. In 1953, he took a post studying neurophysiology with the US Public Health Service Commissioned Officers Corps. In 1954, following the desire to strip away outside stimuli from the mind/brain, he devised the first isolation tank, a dark soundproof tank of warm salt water in which subjects could float for long periods in sensory isolation. Dr. Lilly himself and a research colleague were the first to act as subjects in this research. His quest next took him to ask questions about the minds of other large-brained mammals and in the late 1950s he established a centre devoted to fostering human-dolphin
communication; the Communication Research Institute on St. Thomas in
the Virgin Islands. In the early id="cdpr">1960s,
Dr. Lilly and co-workers published several papers reporting that
dolphins could mimic human speech patterns. Subsequent investigations
of dolphin cognition have generally, however, found it difficult to
replicate his results.

Exploration of human consciousness: In the early sixties he
was introduced to psychedelics like LSD and ketamine and began a series
of experiments in which he took the psychedelic in an isolation tank
and/or in the company of dolphins. These events are described in his
books

Programming
and Metaprogramming in the Human Biocomputer: Theory and Experiments
and
The
Centre of the Cyclone, both published in
1972.

In the 1980s he led a project
which attempted to teach dolphins a computer-synthesised
language.

style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;">Dr. Lilly laid out
the design for a future "communications laboratory" that would be a
floating living room where humans and dolphins could chat as equals and
where they would find a common language. He envisioned a time when all
killing of whales and dolphins would cease, "not from a law being
passed, but from each human understanding innately that these are
ancient, sentient earth residents, with tremendous intelligence and
enormous life force. Not someone to kill, but someone to learn from."
In the 1990s Lilly moved to the island of Maui in Hawaii, where he
lived most of the remainder of his life. His websitejohnclilly.com was
designed during this time by the New York based graphic artist, BigTwin
. His literary rights and scientific discoveries were housed within
Human Software, Inc., while his philanthropic endeavors were channelled
through the Human Dolphin Foundation. His legacy continues through the
John C. Lilly Research Institute, Inc.
Solid State Intelligence;
Solid State Intelligence is a malevolent entity described by John C.
Lilly.

Cultural references: Lilly's work,
particularly his development of the sensory deprivation tank, is
referenced explicitly or implicitly in numerous film, music and
television productions. Lilly's work inspired two films made without
his direct involvement,

id="z3s4">

id="s9w6">The Day of the Dolphin, in id="ka4t">1973,
in which the US Navy turns the animals into weapons,
and

id="cq.:" style="margin-left: 40px;">

Altered
States, in 1980, in which scientists combining drugs and isolation
tanks see reality dangerously
unravel.

id="z:xu0">

id="z:xu1">style="font-size:78%;">Event-related potential / Evoked potential;
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaid="v.4v1">
style="font-size:78%;">An
event-related potential (ERP) is any stereotyped electrophysiological
response to an id="tbad0">internal or external stimulus. More simply, it is any
measured brain response that is directly the result of a thought or
perception...ERPs can be reliably measured using electroencephalography
(EEG ), a
procedure that measures electrical activity of id="h0e10">the brain through the skull and scalp. As the EEG
reflects thousands of simultaneously ongoing brain processes, the brain
response to a certain stimulus or event of interest is usually not
visible in the EEG. One of the most robust features of theERP response
is a response to unpredictable stimuli. This response-known as the P300
(or simply "P3")-manifests as a positive deflection in voltage
approximately 300 milliseconds after the stimulus is presented... While
evoked potentials reflect the processing of the physical stimulus,
event-related potentials are caused by the "higher" processes, that
might involve memory, expectation, attention, or changes in the
mental style="font-size:78%;">id="tbad1">state,
among others.... Though some ERP components are referred to with
acronyms (e.g., left anterior negativity - LAN), most components are
referred to by a preceding letter indicating polarity followed by the
typical latency in milliseconds. Thus, the N400ERP component is
described as a negative voltage deflection occurring approximately
400ms after stimulus onset, whereas the P600 component describes a
positive voltage deflection 600ms after stimulus onset. The stated
latencies forERP components are style="font-family:Tahoma;">often quite variable; for example, the
N400 component may exhibit a latency between 300ms - 500ms....
Experimental psychologists andid="wqq41" style="font-family:Tahoma;"> neuroscientists have
discovered many different stimuli, which elicit reliable EEG ERPs from
participants. The timing of these responses is thought to provide a
measure of the timing of the brain's communication or time of
information processing. For example, in the checkerboard paradigm
described above, in healthy participants the first response of the
visual cortex is around 50-70msec. This would seem to indicate that
this is the amount of time it takes for the transduced visual stimulus
to reach the cortex after light first enters
style="font-family:Tahoma;"> the eye. Alternatively, the P300
response occurs at around 300ms regardless of the stimulus presented:
visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. Because of this
general invariance in regard to stimulus type, thisERP is understood to
reflect a higher cognitive response to unexpected and/or cognitively
salient stimuli. Due to the consistency of the P300 response to novel
stimuli, a brain-computer interface can be constructed which relies on
it. By arranging many signals in a grid, randomly flashing the rows of
the grid as in the previous paradigm, and observing the P300 responses
of a subject staring at the grid, the subject may
communicatestyle="font-family:Tahoma;"> which stimulus he is looking at, and
thus slowly "type" words.... Sensory evoked potentials (SEP) are
recorded from the central nervous system following stimulation of sense
organs (for example, visual evoked potentials elicited by a flashing
light or changing pattern on a monitor; auditory evoked potentials by a
click or tone stimulus presented through earphones) or by tactile
orsomatosensory evoked potential (SSEP ) elicited by tactile or
electrical stimulation of a sensory or mixed nerve in the periphery.
They have been widely used in clinical diagnostic medicine
since the 1970s, and also in intraoperative neurophysiology monitoring
(IONM), also known as surgical neurophysiology. There are three kinds
of evoked potentials in widespread clinical use since the 1970s:
auditory evoked potentials, usually recorded from the scalp but
originating atbrainstem level (ABR, BAER, BSER, BAEP, BSEP); visual
evoked potentials, and somatosensory evoked potentials, which are
elicited by electrical st imulation of peripheral
nerve...

id="v.4v3" style="font-size:78%;">

id="fq1315">

id="ouv_" style="font-family:tahoma;">id="nvws">Psychosurgery of older people, by
J.L. Poole, Journal of Geriatr Assoc 2 (id="ksf2">1954),
pp. 456–465.

href="http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ecs/articles/s00466/frame.html"
target="_blank">http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/ecs/articles/s00466/frame.html
id="emdd">Positive reinfrocement produced by
electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat
brain.,
by Olds J, Milner PM., J Comp Physiol
Psychol id="uycs">1954;47: pp. 419–27.

style="font-family:tahoma;">Apparatus for chronic
stimulation of the brain of the rat by radiofrequency
transmission.,
style="font-family:tahoma;">by Greer MA, Riggle GC.,
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol id="l7:d">id="stbk">1957;9: pp.
151–5.style=";font-family:tahoma;font-size:85%;" >

1960:

id="fu-:" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="a6n_" style="font-size:85%;">Remote brain
stimulation and relationships between parameters of stimulation and
learning.,
by JA. Gengerelli, In: Sheer DE, editor.
Electrical stimulation of the brain. University of Texas Press: Austin;
1961. pp. 155–64.

class="postbody" id="dxzi">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">href="http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/teopsi/Bibliography.html"
target="_blank">>http://www.pesquisapsi.com/books/teopsi/Bibliography.htmlid="b2:-" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:85%;" > (no.:112)
Biologicheskaya Radiosvyas (Biological Radio),
by
Bernard Bernardovich Kazhinsky, Ukranian Academy of Sciences, Kivz,
1962 [in Russian]

id="q5vp">

id="fblx">>http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0415676
BIOLOGICAL RADIO COMMUNICATIONS,
Corporate Author : FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO, Personal Author(s) : Kazhinskiy,B.B.,
Report Date : 31 FEB 1963, Accession Number : AD0415676, Pagination or Media Count : 171
id="zzi4">Abstract: Contents: A CLEAR CASE OF BIOLOGICAL
RADIO COMMUNICATION: Searching for Analogies; The Nervous System and
Radio Engineering; The First Sallies Into the Open; Laboratory
Experiment.ONG THE QUADRUPED AND FEATHERED FRIENDS OF V. L. DUROV : The
Dog Mars Puts the Skeptics to Shame; I Play the Part of a Test Subject;
The Faraday Cage; The Two-Number Riddle; Decisive Experiments of Soviet
Scientists; Radio Communication Among insects. RAYS OF VISION:
Electricity Everywhere; The Yogis Have Known It for a Long Time; A Word
About Emotions. THE EAR: AN ANALYZER OF BIO-ELECTRO MAGNETIC WAVES OF
ACOUSTICAL FREQUENCY: Two-Way Communication circuits in the Nerves;
Pain at a Distance. HOW MATTER (BRAIN) THINKS: Memory, A Kind of
Hysteresis; Neurons and a Telegraph Cable; Reflex Arches; Memory
Storage. K. E.TSIOLKOVSKIY ON TELEPATHY: Professor Ivantsov's Doubts;
My Rebuttal; But I Am Not Alone; A. V. Leontovich's Work Supports the
Theory of Biological Radio Communication; Our Ranks Are Steadily
Growing. THE FRIENDS AND ENEMIES ABROAD: Interesting Observations in
Canada; Thousands of Kilometers Away; Some Results and Prospects.
(Author)

id="opvj">id="cgq6">Descriptors : *BIONICS, COMMUNICATION AND RADIO
SYSTEMS, PARAPSYCHOLOGY, INFORMATION THEORY, BRAIN, NERVOUS SYSTEM,
BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="pgmn">BRAIN TELESTIMULATOR WITH SOLAR CELL POWER
SUPPLY.,

id="igd0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">by ROBINSON
BW, WARNER H, ROSVOLD HE.; Science. 1965 May
21;148:1111-3.

id="qof0" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">A
telestimulator has been constructed which is suitable for mounting on
the heads of medium-sized Macaca mulatta or larger primates. It differs
from previous units in that the battery supply is continuously
recharged from ambient light by means of solar cells. The system
features remote control of all stimulus parameters, constant current
output, and remote selection of any of 11 electrodes. If additional
transmitters are employed, simultaneous and independent stimulation of
a number of primates in the same group is possible. A shielded room
with a terminated antenna system is used to produce a homogeneous
radio-frequency field for laboratory use.

id="gdjc">PMID: 14289618 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

id="yh9o0">"Electrocardiograms by Telephone,"
by Crouch et al., Feb. 1966. .
id="yh9o1"> "Long Distance FM Telephone Transmission of Fetal
Electrocardiogram," Hagan et al., April
1963..

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
José
Manuel Rodriguez Delgado; From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia

id="wgn5" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr. José
Manuel Rodriguez Delgado (1915) was a Spanish professor of physiology
at Yale University, famed for his research into electrical stimulation
of regions of the brain. Delgado was born in Ronda, Spain in 1915. In
1946 he began a fellowship at Yale, and was invited by the noted
physiologist John Fulton to join the department of physiology in 1950.
Delgado's research interests centered on the use of electrical signals
to evoke responses in the brain. His earliest work was with cats, but
later did experiments with monkeys and humans. Much of Delgado's work
was with an invention he called astimoceiver , a radio which joined a
stimulator of brain waves with a receiver which monitored E.E.G. waves
and sent them back on separate radio channels. This allowed the subject
of the experiment full freedom of movement while allowing the
experimenter to control the experiment. Thestimoceiver could be used to
stimulate emotions and control behavior. According to Delgado, "Radio
Stimulation of different points in the amygdala and hippocampus in the
four patients produced a variety of effects, including pleasant
sensations, elation, deep, thoughtful concentration, odd feelings,
super relaxation, colored visions, and other responses." Delgado stated
that "brain transmitters can remain in a person's head for life. The
energy to activate the brain transmitter is transmitted by way of radio
frequencies." (Source: Cannon; Delgado, J.M.R., "Intracerebral Radio
Stimulation and recording in Completely Free Patients," in Schwitzgebel
and Schwitzgebel. The most famous example of the stimoceiver in action
occurred at a Cordoba bull breeding ranch. Delgado stepped into the
ring with a bull which had had a stimoceiver implanted. The bull
charged Delgado, who pressed a remote control button which appeared to
cause the bull to stop its charge. Delgado claimed that the stimulus
caused the bull to lose its aggressive instinct; skeptics suggested
that the electrical impulse had caused the bull to turn aside. Although
the bull incident was widely mentioned in the popular media, Delgado
believed that his experiment with a female chimpanzee named Paddy was
more significant. Paddy was fitted with astimoceiver that detected a
brain signal called a spindle. When a spindle was detected, the
stimoceiver responded with a signal to the central gray area of Paddy's
brain, producing an 'aversive reaction'. Within hours her brain was
producing many fewer spindles.

id="ioc2" style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255,
255);">http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/26/4/337
id="vdm1">PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN THE HUMAN TO INTRACEREBRAL
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION.,

id="v28c" style="margin-left: 40px;font-family:tahoma;">id="vn:e" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">by MAHL GF,
ROTHENBERG A, DELGADO JM, HAMLIN H., Psychosom Med. 1964
Jul-Aug;26:337-68.
During interviews, intracerebral electrical
stimulation of sharply localized areas in the temporal lobe of a young
woman with psychomotor epilepsy consistently produced ego-alien
ideational experiences similar to those observed by Penfield. The
responses were associated with considerable anxiety and with evoked
electrical seizure activity. The use of the interview as the
observational situation and careful study of the interview
tape-recordings made it possible to discover that the content of
theideational experiences was often a function of her prestimulation
"mental content." This finding led to an examination of Penfield's
formulations and to some alternative hypotheses about mechanisms that
might be involved in psychic responses to temporal-lobe stimulation.

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">PMID: 14199657 [PubMed
- indexed for MEDLINE]

id="s_5z" style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

May 17, 1965: A front page New York Times story
entitled, "Matador' With a Radio Stops Wired Bull: Modified Behavior in
Animals Subject of Brain Study" features the work of Dr. Jose M.R.
Delgado, inventor of the "stimoceiver," a miniature transponder
implanted in subjects’ heads to control behavior and emotions. The
article describes Delgado’s most famous experiment, wherein he steps
into a pen with a ‘wired" bull and stops the raging animal, mid-lunge,
via remote control. Delgado later suggests that this technology be used
to curb criminal and obsessive behavior in humans and urges Congress to
make "control of the mind" a national goal.

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
id="ndju">References:

id="gcg1" style="font-family:tahoma;">

id="l5yv">José Manuel Rodriguez Delgado (1969). Physical Control of the
Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society. Harper and Row. ISBN
0060902086. (lengthy excerpt excerpt excerpt)

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Maggie Scarf. "Brain
Researcher Jose Delgado Asks "What Kind of Humans Would We Like to
Construct?""., New York Times, 1971-11-25.

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Elliot S. Valenstein
(1973). Brain Control: A Critical Examination of Brain Stimulation and
Psychosurgery. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471897841. . A book
critical of Delgado.

id="ag7n">

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Delgado JM
(1977–1978). "Instrumentation, working hypotheses, and clinical aspects
of neurostimulation". Applied Neurophysiology 40 (2–4): 88–110. PMID
101139.

id="w2fx">John Horgan (October 2004). "The Myth of Mind Control: Will
anyone ever decode the human brain?". Discover 25 (10).

id="zc4a">John Horgan (October 2005). "The Forgotten Era of Brain
Chips". Scientific American 293 (4): 66-73.

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Wirehead Hedonism
versus Paradise Engineering.

id="j.l3">

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Adam Keiper (Winter
2006). "The Age of Neuroelectronics". The New Atlantis:
4–41.

id="vc-y">

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">style="font-family:Garamond;">AMYGDALA UNITARY
ACTIVITY IN THE UNRESTRAINED CAT.,
by SAWA M, DELGADO JM.;
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1963 Aug;15:637-50.; PMID:
14161515 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

style="font-family:Garamond;">FREE BEHAVIOR AND
BRAIN STIMULATION.,

by
DELGADO JM.; Int Rev Neurobiol. 1964;6:349-449.; PMID: 14282364 [PubMed
- indexed for MEDLINE]

id="c2.a">id="xi3k">INTRACEREBRAL RELEASE OF NEUROHUMORS IN UNANESTHETIZED
MONKEYS.,
by DELGADO JM, RUBINSTEIN L.; Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1964 Aug 1;150:530-46.; PMID: 14203132 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Intracerebral perfusion in awake monkeys.,
by Delgado JM.; Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1966 Jun;161(2):442-62.; PMID: 4959059 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Limbic system and free behavior.,
by Delgado JM.; Prog Brain Res. 1967;27:48-68.; PMID: 4965657 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Injection of antidepressants in the amygdala of awake monkeys.,
by
Allikmets L, Delgado JM.; Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1968
Sep;175(1):170-8.; PMID: 4973156 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]

Patent # 3,393,279 dated 16 July
1968
In 1958, Dr Flanagan, then a child of 14 developed a
radio transmitter that made the brain into a radio reciever. This
device transmits acoustic information to the brain by means of radio
waves into the skin, bypassing the 8th Crainial Nerve. When he applied
for a patent on the device, the patent examiner rejected the whole
thing saying that such a device would go against all known laws of
science. Over the following years, Dr Flanagan fought
againstinsurmontable odds to prove that the device did indeed work. In
the meantime, LIFE magazine ran a major article on Flanagan and the
Neurophone , naming him as one of the top ten scientists in the US at
the age of 17! In a final desperate move Flanagan flew to the patent
office with a model of his invention and successfully demonstrated the
device on a deaf employee in the patent examiner's office. The deaf man
heard music for the first time in 15 years and broke down into tears.
The examiner declared that theNeurophone was indeed a basic patentable
device and approved the patent for release. Patent #
3,393,279 dated 16 July 1968.........

In the years that Dr Flanagan fought to recieve
deserved recognition by the patent office, he grew into manhood and was
working on Man- dolphin Communications for the US Navy when the patent
was finally issued. While involved in Man-Dolphin research, he became
interested in nerve signal information encoding, and began to develop
electronic circuits that duplicated the process of pattern recognition
observed in the human nervous system. This work led to research in
Cryptography. During that period he developed a top secret sound
scrambler that was virtually impossible to decode. Part of the
scrambler was based on his research into nerve encoding.

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="ooxr">Patent # 3,647,970 dated 7 Mar 1972.

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> Dr Flanagan believed
that the pattern of nerve encoding used in the human speech recognition
system could be used to make a betterNeurophone. He succeeded in
perfecting an electronic curcuit that he believes duplicates the
precise encoding of the Cochlea and 8th Crainial Nerve. When he applied
for a patent on the new circuit, the patent aplication was immediately
placed under top secrecy by the National Security Agency. The only
explnation given at the time was that the circuit had potential uses in
the defense of the country. Dr Flanagan was happy that the government
considered that his device could be used in his country's defense. The
only problem was that the government wanted the device free, and he
spent 14 years on it.
He hired attorneys and challenged the secrecy
order for over five years. At the end of that period, the patent was
released from secrecy and was approved for issue by the patent office.
Patent #

id="cv83">Operant conditioning of EEG in the
unrestrained chimpanzee.,
by Delgado JM, Johnston VS,
Wallace JD, Bradley RJ.; Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1969
Sep;27(7):701-2.; PMID: 4187397 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Fragmental organization of emotional behavior in the monkey brain.,
by Delgado JM, Mir D.; Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1969 Jul 30;159(3):731-51.; PMID: 4981884 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Radiostimulation of the brain in primates and man.
Fourth
Becton, Dickinson and Company Oscar Schwidetzky Memorial Lecture., by
Delgado JM. Anesth Analg. 1969 Jul-Aug;48(4):529-42. PMID: 4978402
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

United States Patent 3427454
BIOMEDICAL RADIATION DETECTION PROBE
Inventors: James E. Webb
Filed: DEc. 23, 1965 / February 1969

United States Patent 3453546
TELEMETER ADAPTABLE FOR IMPLANTING IN AN ANIMAL
id="g-1c">Abstract: A
telemeter for biomedical instrumentation in which two voltages are
generated. The ration of the two voltages is proportional to the
condition monitored. These voltages are alternately sampled, and
equal-duration bursts of RF energy are transmitted. the intervals
between the successive bursts are alternately T1 and T2. The ratio of
T1 to T2 is equal to the ratio of the two voltages. Since the condition
monitored monitored is a function of the ratio, errors caused by power
supply fluctuations etc. are cancelled.
Inventors: Thomas B. Fryer
Filed: Nov 4, 1966 / July 1969

style="font-size:85%;">1970:

id="i0y:273" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="pcc7" style="font-family:Garamond;">Operant
conditioning of amygdala spindling in the free chimpanzee.,
by
Delgado JM, Johnston VS, Wallace JD, Bradley RJ.; Brain Res. 1970 Sep
16;22(3):347-62.; PMID: 5505539 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-family:tahoma;"
>id="i0y:283">
id="pnx0" style=";font-family:tahoma;font-size:78%;" >United States
Patent 3,576,554
PASSIVE TELEMETRY SYSTEM
Abstract:
A telemetry system having a physically separate passive sensing circuit
including a first magnetic coil which is coupled to the power source
for supplying electrical current, a sensing device for modulating the
electrical current in accordance with the variable sensed, and a second
magnetic coil, for coupling the modulated current to the output device,
the first and second magnetic coils being adjacent each other and
oriented at substantially right angles in order to avoid interference
between their respective magnetic fields.
Inventors: Temps, Jr.; Alfred J., Summers; George D.
Assignee: Fairchild Hiller Corporation (Farmingdale, Long Island, NY)
Filed: November 30, 1967 / April 27, 1971

style="font-size:78%;">

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="font-size:78%;">id="bq1c">href="http://stinet.dtic.mil/stinet/jsp/advanced-tr.jsp"
target="_blank">http://stinet.dtic.mil/stinet/jsp/advanced-tr.jspid="yx3a" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> (search:
electronarcosis)
Title: Shark Dart Electronic Circuit.
AD
Number: AD0164212 Corporate Author: DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON D
C Personal Author: Blanc,Clarence G.

id="g3c:" style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:78%;" >style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">class="postbody" id="rae1">Report Date: December 14, id="w77k">1971 Distribution Code: 01 - APPROVED FOR PUBLIC
RELEASE Source Code: 110050 From the collection: Technical Reports.

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:78%;" >style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">class="postbody" id="i0y:295">

style=";font-family:tahoma;font-size:78%;" >United States Patent
class="postbody" id="bdp:">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="fl8j">3,647,970 dated 7 Mar 1972.

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:78%;" >The Neurophone has been
out now for nearly five months, and we are starting to get reports back
from layman and professional users. The inital results are exciting.
Several people have reported that their ability to remember data is
increasing. People who could not remember telephone numbers are
becoming walking phone books!

id="ap37" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:78%;" >href="http://www.worldtrans.org/spir/neuro.html">id="ox1.">http://www.worldtrans.org/spir/neuro.html

id="g872" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:78%;" >Patrick Flanagan's
Neurophone; Hope for the deaf and superlearning for all; by Eddy
Taylor

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:78%;" >In order for bone
conduction to work, the cochlea or inner ear that connects to the 8th
cranial nerve must function. People who are nerve deaf cannot hear
through bone conduction because the nerves in the inner ear are not
functional. A number of nerve deaf people who have had the entire inner
ear removed by surgery have been able to hear with the id="vmrg">Neurophone. The id="bk7b">Neurophone is really an electronic telepathy
machine. Several tests prove that it bypasses the 8th cranial nerve or
hearing nerve and transmits sound directly to the brain. This means
that the Neurophone stimulates perception
through a 7th or Alternate Sense!"

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:78%;" >In 1962, Patrick predicted
that electromedicine would revolutionize conventional health care. One
of the relatively unknown, silent revolutions has already taken place
in the form of blood and lymph cleansing devices. These simple, yet
powerful, electronic devices have been popularized by Bob Beck,
physicist and bio electronic researcher and Hulda Clark, N.D.

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:78%;" >In 1990, a remarkable
discovery was made by Steven Kaali, MD and William Lyman, associate
Professor of Pathology at Einstein College of Medicine in N.Y.C. It was
shown that a minute current (50-100 micro amperes) can alter outer
protein layers of the HIV virus and prevent it's attachment to receptor
sites. (Science News March 30, 1991, pg. 207). The viruses loose the
ability to make an enzyme crucial to their reproduction. This process
may also reverse Epstein Barr (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome), Hepatitis and
Herpes B. Responsible users of this technology who are HIV positive,
may expect a Negative P24 surface antigen orPCR test (no more HIV
detectable in blood) after 30 days. A simplified version of this unit
now makes self help feasible. The potential to clean andpotentize the
blood banks of the world with this instrument is truly staggering. Bob
Beck's Sept. 96 Explore Magazine Article notes a study on the life span
of blood cells sealed under cover slips on microscope slides. While the
average life of "normal" blood is about 4 days; blood cells treated
with a mildmicrocurrent live for well over a month!

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0,
0);font-size:78%;" > In a curious parallel to
Roxanne Kremer's work on interspecies communication with the Pink
Amazon River Dolphins, Dr. Flanagan has made impressive technical
contributions. In February, 1968, he applied for a patent on a device
for translating human speech into dolphin language and vice/versa. This
was a result of studies with dolphins in the lagoon of a small island
off the coast of Oahu, Hawaii. A vocabulary of 30 words was discovered
before a startling intervention. Six months after applying for the
patent, it was placed under secrecy order #756, 124 by a U.S.Government
surveillance agency. Five years later, another hard-fought legal battle
rescinded the suppression and patent #3,647,970 was granted on March
7th 1972. This speech processing patent is actually used as the circuit
in the present version of the Neurophone.

id="fzjs" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

id="i0y:317" style=";font-family:tahoma;font-size:78%;" >United
States Patent 3,690,309
id="wn2t">RADIOCAPSULE FOR REGISTERING IONIZING RADIATION IN THE
CAVITIES OF HUMAN BODIES
Abstract: A
radiocapsule for registration of ionizing radiation in the cavities of
human body, comprising a detector to register ionizing particles in the
cavities of human body and to modulate r.f. signals of an inverter of a
d.c. voltage into an a.c. sine voltage at the moment when ionizing
particles are being registered, said inverter having apiezo-electric
transformer.
Inventors: Viktor Mikhailovich Pluzhnikov (Studenchesy
gorodok MIFI), Korpus 6, kv. 32 (Moscow, Soviet Union), Karl Davidovich
Kalantarov, ULITSA Serafimovicha (2, kv.), 469 (Moscow, Soviet Union),
Jury Yakovlevich Gugnin, Timiryazevskaya ulitsa (10/12), kv. 108
(Moscow, Soviet Union), Valentin Sergeevich Semenov, ULITSA Garibaldi
(23/56),
Korpus 1, kv. 79 (Moscow, Soviet Union), Valentina Vasilievna Zelenina (Studenchesky gorodok MIFI),
Korpus 9, kv. 15 (Moscow, Soviet Union), Albert Ivanovich Filatov, Nagornaya ulitsa, 64 (2a, kv.), 61 (Moscow, Soviet Union)
Filed: August 5, 1970 / September 12, 1972

id="neqp" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

id="k_tg">Louis Herman; From Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia

His 1984 paper on animal
language (Herman, Richards, & Wolz, 1984) was
published in the human psychology journal title="Cognition"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition">Cognition,
during the anti-animal language backlash generated by the skeptical
critique of primate animal language programs by id="ohlt" title="Herbert S. Terrace (page does not exist)"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_S._Terrace&action=edit&redlink=1">Herbert
Terrace in 1979. The key difference with previous primate
work was that the dolphin work focused on language comprehension only.
The problem with researching language production was the issue of
scientific href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsimony">parsimony:
it is essentially impossible to verify that an animal truly understands
its own artificial language production. This problem is eliminated with
language comprehension studies, because the researchers control the
form of the artificial language, and need only observe the behavior of
the animal in response to the symbol sequence. Other controls included
the use of a blinded observer who was not aware of the sentence given
to the dolphin, as well as the balanced presentation of possible
word/symbol combinations. Most importantly, the dolphins were tested on
their responses to novel sentences they had never before been given, to
test for concept generalization. Also, the dolphins were tested in
novel sentence grammars and anomalous grammars as well, demonstrating
that the dolphins' comprehension was not limited to a finite-state
(slot-based) href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax">syntax.

The dolphins in this research were named title="Akeakamai"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeakamai">Akeakamai
and Phoenix. Akeakamai is perhaps the best-known of the language
dolphins, and was inserted as a character in title="David Brin"
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brin">David
Brin's href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction">science
fiction novel href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startide_Rising">Startide
Rising. In the href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language">Hawaiian
language, Akeakamai roughly corresponds to: lover (ake) of
wisdom (href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai">akamai).

id="tt1y" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="aviu">United States Patent:
3,810,102

id="umia" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Parks, III ,
et al. May 7, 1974

id="jbbs" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="i2.y">SYSTEM FOR TRANSMISSION AND ANALYSIS OF BIOMEDICAL DATA
Inventors:
William href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=54&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&s1=%28Louis+AND+Herman%29.INNM.&p=2&OS=IN/%28Louis+and+Herman%29&RS=IN/%28Louis+AND+Herman%29#h0"
name="h1">Louis Parks III,
William Luster Grenoble Jr, Henry href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=54&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&s1=%28Louis+AND+Herman%29.INNM.&p=2&OS=IN/%28Louis+and+Herman%29&RS=IN/%28Louis+AND+Herman%29#h1"
name="h2">Herman Harjes Jr, Lawrence James McCarthy ;
Telserv, Inc.
Abstract: A method and
system for transmitting biomedical data to a remote station for
subsequent processing. Analog electrical biomedical signals are sampled
and digitized at a relatively low data rate and transmitted over a
communications link of limited bandwidth to a remote station where the
analog electrical biomedical signals are reconstructed from the digital
data and are sampled and digitized at a substantially higher data rate
for subsequent interpretation by a diagnostic computer. Alternatively,
the received digital data are directly converted to a substantially
higher digital data rate by means of a numerical algorithm, a form of
digital interpolation.

United States Patent 3,885,224
Signal processing apparatus for imaging scanner
Abstract:
This invention comprises apparatus for mathematical processing of a
sequence of pulse signal time functions, produced by an ultrasonic
imaging scanner. The basic processor described herein has a slower
processing rate than the input rate of back-reflected pulse signal time
function values. The reflected pulse signal time function values are
stored, rearranged in sequence, and convoluted with a specified filter
function to produce a processed image signal time function for imaging.
Specific electronic apparatus is utilized including a digital computer
with stored internal program forfourier convolution and filter function
synthesis.
Inventors: Klahr; Carl N. (Lawrence, NY)
Filed: September 13, 1973 / May 20, 1975

United States Patent 3,714,429
TOMOGRAPHIC RADIOISOTOPIC IMAGING WITH A SCINTILLATION CAMERA
Abstract:
A method and means for tomographic imaging involving the use of a
radioisotopic detector comprising a scintillation camera with a
multichannel parallel-hole collimator, whose holes are all inclined at
an identical angle toward the field of interest, and the moving of this
detector in a series of back-and-forth linear motions, centered on a
common axis of rotation and with the collimator in reversed
orientations, in such manner that the accumulated count rate
information can be computed, stored, retrieved and selectively
integrated to produce a tomographic image of the radioactive
distribution in any selected plane in the field scanned. The count rate
information is collected and computed in terms of a fixed coordinate
system and provides a reservoir of computed data which may be analyzed,
utilizing a time-lapse summation technique, to present any particular
tomographic plane for imaging.
Inventors: Mozley; James M. (Camillus, NY), McAfee; John G. (Manluis, NY), Stabler; Edward P. (Syracuse, NY)
Filed: September 28, 1970 / January 30, 1973

United States Patent 3,889,226
Scanned holography by sector scanning
Abstract:
Sector or angular scanning of the source of coherent radiation and/or
the receiver provides useful techniques in holography for producing a
distortion which can be used to counteract the distortion due to
wavelengths disparity in the recording and reconstruction steps. The
sector or angular scanning may be performed mechanically or
electronically.
Inventors: Hildebrand; Bernard P.
Assignee: Battelle Development Corporation (Richland, WA)
Filed: September 12, 1973 / June 10, 1975

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1137218"
target="_blank">>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1137218
id="x2uc" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">style="font-size:85%;">Two-way transdermal
communication with the brain.,
Delgado JMR, Lipponen V,
Weiss G, del Pozo F, Monteagudo JL, McMahon R., Am Psychol id="ag7o">1975;30: pp. 265–73.

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="in_l">United States Patent: 3,952,216; April 20,
1976

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inventors: Theodore C.
Madison, Harlan G. Frey; Assignee: The United States of America as
represented by the Secretary of the Navy (Washington, DC)

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Abstract: A transducer
comprising an array of prestressed, mass-loaded, piezoelectr
low-frequency, transducer elements set within a housing, a thin
alignment plate bonded to the planar radiating faces of the
low-frequency transducer array, a pressure-release sheet bonded to the
thin alignment plate, and a high frequency, planar, transducer array
bonded to this pressure-release sheet. The high frequency transducer
array in combination with its two backing layers forms an integral part
of the low frequency transducer array during low frequency operation in
addition to providing high frequency transmission and reception during
high frequency operation. This transducer construction permits high
transmitting and receiving sensitivities at widely separated
frequencies.

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

id="dk2-">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/101139

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="vg-u">Instrumentation, working hypotheses, and clinical aspects
of neurostimulation.,
by Delgado JM., Appl Neurophysiol.
1977-1978;40(2-4):88-110.

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The paper describes
instrumentation developed in our laboratory for the therapy of
neurological disorders, including

id="ci.i" style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(a) hybrid stimulator
for chronic use which retains constant current characteristics,
providing a low resistance path during the quiescent phase between
pulses to minimize thepostpulse charge;

id="g7:-" style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(b) brain radio
stimulators, crystal controlled, with digital logic section and an
optoelectric sensor for telemetry of the intensity used;

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="e-cg">(c) external stimoceiver for
experimental and clinical use, combining multichannel stimulator and
EEG telemetric instrument;

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="p0ea">(d) transdermal stimoceivers, totally
implantable for two-way communication with the brain through the intact
skin; and

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="a8ci">(e) implantable microprocessor for
detection of EEG signals which are used to trigger contingent brain
stimulation.

id="omnm" style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Our working hypotheses
for chronic brain stimulation include

id="i_l9" style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="gpwz">(a) electrical modification of the
functional set point of specific cerebral areas;
(b) feedback-controlled stimulation; and
id="o4l7">(c) establishment of artificial
neuronal links with the aide of the computer.
The
paper concludes with a discussion of the indications for therapeutic
use of brain stimulation and criteria for patient selection.
PMID: 101139 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

[Machines for exploring the
brain] [Article in French],
by Delgado JM.,; Auxiliaire. 1977 Jun;50(2):14-6.PMID: 242540 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Hybrid stimulator for chronic experiments.,
by Del Pozo F, Delgado JM.,; IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1978 Jan;25(1):92-4.PMID: 621108 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

United States Patent 4,279,887
Amides useful as brain imaging agents
Abstract:
Certain radioiodine containing amides useful as brain imaging agents
are disclosed. The compounds of the subject invention are represented
by the formula ##STR1## wherein I is a radioisotope of iodine with
I-123 being preferred, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or different
and are selected from the grooup consisting of hydrogen, hydroxy,
alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, anilino and carbamoylmethyl or
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are
attached form a 5- or 6-membered ring.
Inventors: Baldwin; Ronald M., Lin; Tz-Hong, Winchell; Harry S.
Assignee: Medi-Physics, Inc. (Emeryville, CA)
Filed: November 29, 1978 / July 21, 1981

United States Patent 4,284,619
Esters useful as brain imaging agents
Abstract:
Certain radioiodine containing esters useful as brain imaging agents
are disclosed. The compounds of the subject invention are represented
by the formula ##STR1## wherein I is a radioisotope of iodine with
iodine-123 being preferred and R is selected from the group consisting
of alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, a polyhydric alcohol radical
and a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring.
Inventors: Lin; Tz-Hong
Assignee: Medi-Physics, Inc. (Emeryville, CA)
Filed: November 29, 1978 / August 18, 1981

United States Patent 4,162,500
Ridged waveguide antenna submerged in dielectric liquid
Abstract:
A system for remote microwave interrogation and imaging of biological
tars comprises at least one microwave, double ridged waveguide antenna
probe which operates at S-band frequencies, and a high dielectric
liquid medium, preferably water, in which both the probe and the target
are completely immersed. For imaging applications, the probe is
positioned with respect to the target such that the target is in the
near field of the antenna.
Inventors: Jacobi; John H. (Bowie, MD), Larsen; Lawrence E. (Silver Spring, MD)
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army (Washington, DC)
Filed:
March 29, 1978 / July 24, 1979

id="i0y:460" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">

Elliot Valenstein; From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

id="di:f" style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Elliot S. Valenstein,
PhD, is a professor emeritus of psychology and neuroscience at the
University of Michigan. His theories challenge the conventional
assumption that mental illness is biochemical, rejecting the 'chemical
imbalance' theories used by drug companies in marketing their products,
contending people should be suspicious of such claims while suggesting
the targets of the marketing are usually medicating themselves
unnecessarily. In his 1998 book, Blaming the Brain: The Truth about
Drugs and Mental Health,Valenstein argues that while psychotropic drugs
sometimes do work, they do not even begin to address the real cause of
mental disorders, since in his view biochemical theories are an
entirely "unproven hypothesis" used to excuse what he sees as often
unconscionable marketing practices of the drug industry.Valenstein
acknowledges a combination of medications and psychotherapy often
offers the best chance of success at treating common disorders, but
stresses no one knows exactly why.Valenstein examines the various
special interests behind the ascent in the latter half of the 20th
century of purely biopsychiatric hypotheses, which appeal strongly to
pharmaceutical companies. Their commercial motives are driven by the
enormous, multi-billion dollar stakes involved in the intensely
competitive marketing for such drugs as Prozac,Zyprexa, and Zoloft.
Aggressive marketing, Valenstein contends, has dramatically changed
practices in the mental health profession. He explores other aspects of
the growing influence of drug companies, which sponsor research, lobby
government officials, market directly to both consumers and primary
care physicians (the primaryprescribers of psychiatric drugs), and
pressure psychiatric journals to downplay studies casting doubt on drug
safety and efficacy. In 2000,Valenstein presented "A Critique of
Current Biochemical Theories of Mental Illness" as the keynote speaker
at the Behavior Analysis Association of Michigan (BAAM) convention. In
his 1986 book Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of
Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness,
Valenstein explores the history of lobotomy’s heyday, in the 1940s and
1950s, while questioning the legitimacy of widespread use of such
unproven medical treatments. The truth, saysValenstein , is that we are
only at the dawn of an understanding of mental illness. "The factors
that fostered (the operations’) development and made them flourish,"
explainsValenstein, "are still active today." Published books:

id="l0mi">Brain Control: A Critical Examination of Brain Stimulation
and Psychosurgery (1973)

id="nwfe">

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Brain Stimulation and
Motivation: Research and Commentary (Ed.) (1973)

id="bik4">Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of
psychosurgery and other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness (1986)

id="p.6k">Blaming the Brain: The Truth About Drugs and Mental Health
(1998)

id="v872">The War of the Soups and the Sparks: The Discovery of
Neurotransmitters and the Dispute over how Nerves Communicate (2005)

style="margin-left: 40px; font-family: tahoma;">

id="ylug">

id="dwdw" style="font-size:85%;">id="cvuz">1980:

id="vj28">id="j.pw">1990:

id="vomw">

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1188390&blobtype=pdf"
target="_blank">>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1188390&blobtype=pdf
id="yjnd" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">style="font-size:85%;">A brief history of brain
stimulation. In: Principles of brain stimulation.,
by JS Yeomans, Oxford University Press: New York; 1990. pp. 3–19.

id="i.9m">id="dsh3">2000:

id="bxxv">

A multi-channel telemetry
system for brain microstimulation in freely roaming animals,
by
Shaohua Xu, Sanjiv K. Talwar, Emerson S. Hawley, Lei Li and John K.
Chapin, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 29 may 2003.

id="vddk">

May 1, 1989: Former BBC
producer and veteran foreign correspondent Gordon Thomas publishes
Journey Into Madness, The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and
Medical Abuse, connecting Jose Delgado’s views to those endorsed by
SidneyGottlieb, of CIA/ MK-ULTRA fame. He explains: "Dr. Gottlieb and
behaviorists of ORD [Office of Research and Development, CIA, Central
Intelligence Agency] shared Jose Delgado's views that the day must come
when the technique would be perfected for making not only animals but
humans respond to electrically transmitted signals." Physical Control
of the Mind, towards apsychocivilised society, 1968, by JMR Delgado

align="left">June 16, 1995: Time magazine features an ad for an
implantable pet transponder, oddly enough, aside an article about a
militia man’s fears about the encroaching New World Order. By Aug.
2002, such devices are so commonplace that the Christian Science
Monitor reports on how the military is "adopting a Big Brother
approach" to "implanting microchips in cats and dogs that live on
government land" in order to track down and penalize military families
who abandon their pets.

Nov.
1996: "Click Here to upload your soul," advises one of many articles on
British Telecom’s Martlesham Heath Laboratories’ "Soul Catcher" implant
chip, which, as Personal Computer World explains, "will be implanted
behind a person’s eye and will record all the thoughts and experiences
of their lifetimes." Dr. Chris Winter tells London’s Daily Telegraph,
"This is the end of death... By combining this information with a
record of the person’s genes, we could recreate a person physically,
emotionally and spiritually."

align="left">
Oct. 15, 1998: The BBC reports on "bionic brain
implants" developed by American scientists. "Over several months, the
implant becomes naturally 'wired' into thepatient's brain as neurons
grow into the cones and attach themselves to the electrodes mounted
inside," the report asserts.

Sept.
23, 1998: Cybernetics Prof. Kevin Warwick becomes the first known human
to communicate with machines via a microchip implanted in his body.
Predicting that such implants will eventually replace time cards,
tracking devises and credit cards, Warwick tells ABC News, "I feel
mentally different." Later, he tells Salon.com, "After a few days I
started to feel quite a closeness to the computer, which was very
strange. When you are linking your brain up like that, you change who
you are. You do become a 'borg.' You are not just a human linked with
technology; you are something different and your values and judgment
will change." He also admits, "It does make me feel that Orwell was
probably right about the Big Brother issue."

align="left">
Dec. 7, 2000: CNN reports on Dr. Kevin Warwick’s
next step, implanting a chip that interacts with his central nervous
system. "This summer, a professor plans to take a step closer to
becoming a cyborg -- part human, part computer -- by implanting a
silicon chip that communicates with his brain," CNN says. With his wife
also getting "chipped," Warwick later discusses the possibility that
couples might one day read each other’s minds and experience each
other’s pleasure (making faked orgasms obsolete). Their experience is
recorded in the book, I Cyborg.

align="left">

id="fp7i">http://www.biochem.mpg.de/mnphys/publications/01fro2/index.html

Microelectronics meets Molecular and
Neurobiology;

by Peter Fromherz, Technical
Digest IEDM (International Electronic Devices Meeting) 2001, 16/1

Abstract: The electrical interfacing of
nerve cells and semiconductor microstructures is considered. The
coupling of the electron conducting silicon with ion conducting neurons
relies on a close contact of the chip and the cell membrane with its
ion channels. Excitation of neuronal activity is achieved by capacitive
interaction with the channels and recording by the response of
transistors to open channels. Integratedneuroelectronic systems are
obtained by outgrowth of a neuronal net on silicon and by two-way
interfacing of the neuronal and electronic components.

id="xa_l" align="left">

align="left">Sept. 5, 2001: ABC News’ Nicholas Regush warns that
"mind control" could be on the horizon. "On the bright side, the powers
of this science could be used to mend broken and diseased brains," he
says. "On the dark side, there would be plenty of opportunity to tinker
with consciousness and control human behavior in menacing fashion."

May 1, 2002: An ABC
report entitled, "Scientists Develop Remote-Controlled Rats" describes
a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)-funded project,
wherein rats, "each wired with three hair-fine electrical probes to
their brains," are "directed through remote control by an operator
typing commands on a computer." Lead scientist Dr.Sanjiv Talwar admits
to the BBC that "the idea is sort of creepy" and tells the Guardian
that remote controlled animals could be used for nefarious purposes,
such as assassinations.

May
10, 2002: A family has microchips inserted into their bodies on
national TV. An Applied Digital Solutions press release boasts:
"VeriChip has been the subject of widespread media attention for the
past few months, everything from Time Magazine to the Today Show, the
Early Show,CNN's American Morning with Paula Zahn, CBS Weekend Evening
News, and the O'Reilly Factor on Fox News. We're delighted that Good
Morning America and CBS Evening News will cover the first-ever
"chipping" procedures on May 10th.

align="left">

http://www.infineon.com/cms/de/corporate/press/news/releases/2003/129293.html
http://www.infineon.com/cms/de/corporate/press/news/releases/2003/129317.html

Weltneuheit: Bio-Neuro-Chip von
Infineon Technologies kommuniziert mit lebendem Zellgewebe -
Elektronische
Analyse lebender Nervenzellen bedeutet Quantensprung für
Neurowissenschaften und Medikamentenentwicklung

München, San Francisco, U. S. A. – 11. Februar 2003
– Forscher von Infineon Technologies haben in Zusammenarbeit mit dem
Max-Planck-Institut durch einen neu entwickelten Bio-Sensorchip
direkten Kontakt zu lebenden Nervenzellen hergestellt. Der „Neuro-Chip“
nimmt elektrische Signale von lebenden Nervenzellen und Zellverbänden
auf, verarbeitet sie und gibt sie an ein Computersystem weiter. So
eröffnet der Neuro-Chip Forschern neue Einblicke in die biologische
Funktion von Nervenzellen, von biologischen neuronalen Netzen und
Hirngewebe. In der zellgestützten Medikamentenentwicklung werden
effiziente Tests zur Wirkung von Medikamenten auf lebende Zellen
machbar. Die ersten praktischen Messungen mit dem Neuro-Chip wurden
erfolgreich am Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie in Martinsried bei
München, Infineon's Projektpartner und einem der weltweit führenden
Institute im Bereich der Biowissenschaften, durchgeführt.

Aug.
15, 2002: During the height of the ‘Summer of the Abducted Child,’ the
Philadelphia Inquirer runs a front page story on the new "high-tech
approach to child security" -- i.e. the "chipping" of children.
Pointing to Applied Digital Solutions’ "prototype for an implantable
GPS unit that could pinpoint a child's location," the article asks:
"Would a parent really place a device under the skin of his or her
child to guard against a vague threat?" before offering ADS spokesman
MatthewCossolotto’s reply: "We have GPS units for our cars. If your car
is stolen, we can locate it. Do we love our cars more than our
children?"

March 7,
2003: An article in the Kansas City Star features University of Kansas
research professor Jerome Dobson "a respected leader in the field of
geographic information technologies" who warns that GPS technology
might lead to a form of "geoslavery" which could make "George Orwell's
'Big Brother' nightmare...look amateurish."

align="left">
March 12, 2003: The BBC runs an article entitled
"Scientists develop 'brain chip,' which states that "US scientists say
a silicon chip could be used to replace thehippocampus , where the
storage of memories is coordinated." The testing, beginning on rats and
rapidly proceeding to monkeys, will ultimately be conducted on humans.

June 2003: "In a few
months, researchers at the University of Southern California will test
the world's first prosthetic brain part," Popular Science asserts,
crediting biomedical engineer Theodore Berger with creating "a 2
mm-wide silicon chip that he hopes will one day substitute for damaged
or diseased brain regions." Potential military uses for the brain chip,
which is partially funded byDARPA , includes building "sophisticated
electronics" and integrating them into human brains to possibly "one
day lead to cyborg soldiers and robotic servants."

id="n92y" align="left">
June 2003: In an article published on
DARPA's Web site, Dr. Alan Rudolph explains how the agency's "Brain
Machine Interfaces Program" will "create new technologies for
augmenting human performance" by "access[ing] codes in the brain" and
"integrat[ing] them into peripheral device or system operations.
[BuzzFlash] Though the article is no longer available (and the term
"brain interface program" is nowhere to be found) the link now directs
browsers to an article on "Human Assisted Neural Devices," which also
discusses accessing "codes in the brain."

align="left">id="zj3k" style="font-size:0;">
Jan.
16, 2004: The headline, "Is It Possible to Download Knowledge into the
Brain?: Mind-machine interfaces will be available in the near future,
and several methods hold promise for implanting information" alerts
readers of href="http://www.betterhumans.com/Features/Ask_an_Expert/answer.aspx?articleID=2004-01-16-2">Better
Humans to futuristic possiblities.

align="left">
April 14, 2004: The Associated Press blasts the
headline "FDA Approves Brain Implant Devices." Citing benefits to those
with physical impairments and brain disease, scientist Richard Andersen
notes that "surgeons are already implanting devices into human brains
-- sometimes deeply -- to treat deafness and Parkinson's disease" and
says, "I think there is a consensus among many researchers that the
time is right to begin trials in humans."

align="left">
May 28, 2004: Reporting for the Chicago Tribune on
today’s "transhumanists" (those who believe we’re in a "transitional
phase between our human past and post-human future") Margie Wylie
asserts that "Humanity is on its way out."

align="left">
June 25, 2004: Washington University reports that,
"For the first time in humans, a team headed by University researchers
has placed an electronic grid atop patients' brains to gather motor
signals that enable the patients to play a computer game using only the
signals from their brains."

July
12, 2004: Japanese school children will soon be tagged with tracking
devices, albeit non-intrusively, an article in CNETAsia explains. "The
rights and wrongs of RFID-chipping human beings have been debated since
the tracking tags reached the technological mainstream. Now, school
authorities in the Japanese city of Osaka have decided the benefits
outweigh the disadvantages and will now be chipping children in one
primary school," the article asserts.

style="font-family:tahoma;">style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">style="font-size:0;">style="font-size:0;">

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3R-4B4RXBH-2
Electronic MEMS for triggered delivery.,
by Amy C. Richards Grayson, Rebecca Scheidt Shawgo, Yawen Li and Michael J. Cima;
Advanced
Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 56, Issue 2, 10 Feb. 2004, pp. 173-184,
Biosensing and Drug Delivery at the Microscale;
doi:10.1016/j.addr.2003.07.012
Abstract: Implantable electronic
devices such as pacemakers and neural implants are often used for
electrical stimulation. The usage ofmicrofabrication techniques to
produce microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) has allowed engineers to
address a wider range of clinical indications. A new direction in the
area of MEMS technology is the goal of achieving pulsatile drug
delivery. The digital capabilities of MEMS may allow greater temporal
control over drug release compared to traditional polymer-based
systems, while the batch-processing techniques used in the
microelectronics industry can lead to greater device uniformity and
reproducibility than is currently available to the pharmaceutical
industry. A repertoire of structures, includingmicroreservoirs,
micropumps, valves, and sensors, is being developed that will provide a
strong foundation for the design of integrated, responsive MEMS for
drug delivery.
2.1. Neural implants
The
electrical nature of MEMS devices makes them potentially useful for
applications whereby neural stimulation, recording, or interfacing is
desirable. Prostheses for neural stimulation are one of the more common
embodiments ofMEMS for neural implants.
Micromachined silicon
microprobes developed at the University of Michigan have come to be
widely used [16]. These microprobes allow stimulation of and recording
from neurons in the central nervous system [17, 18 and 19], as well as
delivery of chemicals at the cellular level [20]. Some researchers are
developing interfaces that will eliminate the need tohardwire these
microprobes to an external power supply and signal processing unit
[17]. Other types of implantable neural stimulators have been developed
for the treatment of chronic pain [21]. These devices are designed to
deliver a current stimulus to the region of the spinal cord that
corresponds to the painful portion of thepatient's body. The system
consists of the surgically implanted module, an external computer
system that is used by the physician to program the module through
induction, and an external switch that the patient uses to activate the
device.Polyimide sieve electrodes have also been used to stimulate and
regenerate peripheral nerve axons, while cuff electrodes can interface
with intact peripheral nerve bundlesnoninvasively in the absence of
physiological electrical activation, for example, in the case of a
spinal cord injury [22]. Other researchers have developed microprobes,
fabricated through electroplating and other microfabrication
procedures, which can be used to stimulate the deep-brain regions such
as the subthalamic nucleus [23]. These devices could be used in
patients with Parkinson's disease to reduce or eliminate tremors.
Neural
prostheses are also used for stimulation of paralyzed muscles in order
to prevent atrophy [24 and 25]. These devices have been shown to be
both safe and effective in animals, and have an exceedingly small
volume (approximately 100 times smaller than conventional cochlear
implants and pacemakers) that allows them to be implanted using a
catheter insertion tool. An implantable neural stimulator has also been
developed and tested in dogs as a treatment for incontinence
[26].Polyimide microelectrodes that are microfabricated via
spin-coating and either photolithography or dry etching have also been
used to record EMG signals from cockroaches during walking [27].
Other
researchers have focused on the interface between the neural implant
and the nerve cell itself and are exploring ways to improve the
integration between the implant and the physiological environment. For
example,microcontact printing (μCP) has been used to pattern
poly-Image-lysine self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold
microelectrode arrays in order to control the geometry of a neuronal
network grown in vitro [28]. Rat hippocampal neurons consistently grew
near the electrode regions that had the poly-Image-lysine SAMs ,
suggesting that this method may improve the likelihood and the fidelity
of recording electrical activity of the neuronal cells. Some work has
investigated the growth and function of dorsal root ganglia neurons on
a flexiblepolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate having 20-μm-wide
channels that contain electrodes made from a conducting polymer
hydrogel (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with
poly-(styrenesulfonate) [29]. The polymer hydrogel electrodes had lower
impedance than electrodes made out of other materials typically used
for neural recordings, indicating better sensitivity for recording
nerve signals at physiological frequencies. Directed cell growth of the
neurons along the channels was achieved onPDMS substrates that were
coated with laminin. The low impedance, large charge delivery capacity,
and ability to chemically modify the hydrogel, as well as the
flexibility of the PDMS substrate, may offer significant advantages
over neural MEMS based solely on silicon and traditional
microfabrication materials. A polyimide-based biohybrid device has also
been developed that consists of a sieve-shaped stimulating microprobe
that is seeded with gene-manipulated neural cells that have an
increased resistance to apoptosis [30]. This device is designed for
implantation and outgrowth of the seeded nerve cells to create a
junction with a particular skeletal muscle of interest, in the case
where the motor neuron andneuromuscular junction necessary for movement
of skeletal muscle are absent.

16. http://www.engin.umich.edu/center/cnct/
17. A BiCMOS wireless interface chip for
micromachined stimulating microprobes., by M. Ghovanloo, K. Beach, K.D.
Wise and K. Najafi,
In: 2nd Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special
Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, IEEE,
Piscataway, NJ (2002), pp. 277–282.

id="c8-z">18. A 16-channel CMOS neural stimulating array., by S.J.
Tanghe and K.D. Wise, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 27 (1992), pp.
1819–1825.

19. A 64-site multishank
CMOS low-profile neural stimulating probe., by C. Kim and K.D. Wise,
IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 31 (1996), pp. 1230–1238.

id="z_mm">20. A multichannel neural probe for selective chemical
delivery at the cellular level., by J. Chen and K.D. Wise,
In:
Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop, The Foundation, Cleveland
Heights, Ohio (1994), pp. 256–259.

21. A
miniaturized implantable spinal cord microstimulator for treating
intractable pain., by J. Mouïne and K.A. Ammar,
In: 1st Annual
International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnology in
Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000), pp. 630–634.

id="x3pc">22. Biomedical microdevices for neural interfaces., by
J.-U. Meyer, M. Schüttler, H. Thielecke and T. Stieglitz,
In: 1st
Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on
Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000),
pp. 447–453.

23. Micromachined probes for deep-brain stimulation., by P.S. Motta and J.W. Judy,
In:
1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on
Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000),
pp. 251–254.

24. Design and fabrication
of hermetic microelectronic implants., by G.E. Loeb, J.R. Richmond,
W.H. Moore and R.A. Peck,
In: 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS
Special Topic Conference on Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology,
IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000), pp. 455–459.

id="p-od">25. Effects of regional stimulation using a miniature
stimulator implanted in feline posterior biceps femoris., by T.
Cameron, F.J.R. Richmond and G.E. Loeb,
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 45 (1998), pp. 1036–1043.
id="m00h">26. Implantable selective stimulator to improve bladder
voiding: design and chronic experiments in dogs., by S. Boyer, M.
Sawan, M. Abdel-Gawad, S. Robin and M.M. Elhilali,
IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8 (2000), pp. 464–470.
id="d7q1">27. Fabrication and test of implantable thin-film
electrodes for stimulation and recording of biological systems., by A.
Metz, F. Oppliger, R. Holzer, B. Buisson, D. Bertrand and P. Renaud,
In:
1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on
Microtechnology in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2000),
pp. 619–623.

28. Gold surface
microelectrode arrays permit geometrical control of neuronal networks
via thiol linking chemistry., by Y. Nam, B.C. Wheeler and G. Brewer,
In:
2nd Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on
Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2002),
pp. 132–135.

29. Polymer hydrogel
microelectrodes for neural communication., by T. Nyberg, O. Inganäs and
H. Jerregård, Biomed. Microdevices 4 (2002), pp. 43–52.

id="yn3:">30. A biohybrid microprobe for implanting into the
peripheral nervous system., by J.-U. Meyer, T. Stieglitz, H.H. Ruf, A.
Robitzki, V. Dabouras, K. Wewetzer and T. Brinker,
In: 2nd Annual
International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies
in Medicine and Biology, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ (2002), pp. 265–268.

style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size:85%;" >id="ym4e">id="lvx1">http://www.draper.com/biomedtech/biomedtech.html
Draper Laboratory’s biomedical engineering capabilities
are
being applied to the development of first-of-a-kind biomedical devices
and technologies for applications in health care diagnostics,
therapeutics, and national defense. The largest collaboration in which
Draper currently is involved is the Center for Integration of Medicine
and Innovative Technology (CIMIT), of which we are a founding member
with Partners HealthCare and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT). Other important partnerships include collaborations with
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; with academic groups at MIT,
Harvard University, and Tufts University; and with commercial companies
in the sensing and pharmaceuticals businesses. Biomedical applications
such as point-of-care diagnostic sensors and drug delivery devices
require a wide range of technical expertise and engineering
disciplines, and the Laboratory has strong capabilities in many of
these domains. Interdisciplinary groups of mechanical engineers,MEMS
fabrication experts, chemists, and systems engineers are designing
high-precision miniature components and devices for implantable sensors
and drug delivery systems. For implantable use, small size and low
power are crucial; microelectronics design engineers are developing
low-power electronics which minimize volume and enable insertion of
devices into locations such as the eye and ear for a variety of
therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Novelmicrofluidic devices,
which function as small pumps and valves, are being designed and
fabricated in the MEMS laboratory; these components are approximately
20 times smaller than commercially available hardware with similar
functionality and performance. Packaging of small implantable and
diagnostic devices is accomplished using advanced sealing and packaging
techniques andbiocompatible materials and processes. Many biomedical
engineering projects are conducted at the nexus of biology,
microfabrication technology, and computation. Such multidisciplinary
efforts include the fabrication of replacement tissues and organs for
therapeutic applications such as transplantation, the advancement of
tools for drug discovery, and the construction of testbeds for the
deid="l875" style="font-size:85%;">velopment of vaccines against
infectious diseases and biological warfare agents.

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Eyes Closed Lifespan Norms for different common and bipolar
references

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id="r7qu" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="vxrv" style="font-size:0;">style="font-size:0;">http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2007/11/01/BUTBT44A2.DTL&type=business

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">style="font-size:0;">style="font-size:0;">Cal physicists make a radio 10,000 times
thinner than a human
hair

style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">style="font-size:0;">style="font-size:0;">by Bernadette Tansey, SF Gate, San Francisco Chronicle Staff
Writer, Thursday, Nov 1,
2007

style="font-size:0;">style="font-size:0;">Physicists at UC Berkeley say they have produced the world's
smallest radio out of a single carbon nanotube that is 10,000 times
thinner than a human hair. Professor Alex Zettl led a team that
developed the minuscule filament, which can be tuned to receive AM or
FM transmissions. Zettl
Research Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of
California at Berkeley Zettl said the device, built by graduate student
Kenneth Jensen, is the first radio within the size range of
nanotechnology, which covers inventions no larger than 100 billionths
of a meter. Thenanoradio is 100 billion times smaller than the first
commercial radios of the early 20th century. It is a thousand times
smaller than the most minute radios in use today, which are based on
silicon chip technology.The research team has no commercial partners
yet, butZettl said the practical applications of the nanoradio could
include cell phones, climate-monitoring systems and radio-controlled
diagnostic probes that could move through the human bloodstream. As
long as 10 years ago, scientists had managed to build individual
components of a radio on thenanoscale, he said. But Zettl and his
colleagues figured out how to make a single nanotube perform all the
functions of a radio: It serves as an antenna, tuner, amplifier and
demodulator. The demodulator eliminates any frequencies from a radio
transmission except the signal to be played, such as a song. class="georgia md" id="i0y:849">The nanotube can also function as a
transmitter. Theoretically, thousands of nanoradios distributed through
the air or in the bloodstream could send back signals about air quality
or the state of a patient's cells, Zettl said. Carbon nanotubes are
immensely strong compounds made of carbon atoms linked in a structure
that looks like chicken wire. The carbon sheets can be formed into
hollow tubes.Zettl's research team tweaked the nanotube structures and
found that multi-walled cylinders - tubes within tubes - were better
for picking up AM and FM transmissions. Single-wallednanotubes were
best for receiving the frequencies used in cell phones. The team built
a transmitter in the lab based on conventional electronics, and first
proved that thenanoradio could pick up and play "Layla" about 10 months
ago. But the scientists held the news for publication in the journal
Nano Letters, which posted it online on Wednesday. Along with Jensen
and Zettl, the co-authors of the paper were UC Berkeley postdoctoral
fellow Jeff Weldon and physics graduate student Henry Garcia. The
project was funded by the National Science Foundation and the
Department of Energy.

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id="q_e5" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">id="lexf" style="font-size:0;">style="font-size:0;">

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